Emotion, Stress and Health Chapter 12 Emotion, Stress and Health

Chapter 12 Preview Emotions Stress of Living Health Psychology Recapping Main Points

Emotion What are Emotions? Complex pattern of changes made in response to situation perceived to be personally significant

Emotions and Culture Are some emotional responses innate? Are emotional expressions universal? How does culture constrain emotional expression? Silvan Tomkins Pervasive role of immediate, unlearned affective emotions Paul Ekman All people share overlap in facial language Wolof people of Senegal Mébengolkre of Central Brazil Norms for facial displays for pain

Judgments of Emotional Expressions Figure 12.2, page 325

Theories of Emotion The Physiology of Emotion Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System Hypothalamus Limbic System Amygdala Cerebral cortex

James-Lange Theory of body reaction Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory of body reaction Peripheral-feedback theory stating that eliciting stimulus triggers behavioral response Stanley Schachter Richard Lazarus Joint effect of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal

James-Lange Theory of Emotion Figure 12.2, page 328

Theories of Emotion Cannon-Bard Theory Emotional stimulus produces two co-occurring reactions: arousal and emotion Stanley Schachter Richard Lazarus Joint effect of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Figure 12.3, page 328

Cognitive Appraisal Theory Theories of Emotion Cognitive Appraisal Theory Joint effect of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal Stanley Schachter Richard Lazarus Robert Zajonc Joint effect of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal

Cognitive-Appraisal Theory of Emotion Figure 12.4, page 329

Impact of Mood and Emotions Emotion Regulation Processes through which people change intensity and duration of experienced emotions

Subjective Well-Being Overall evaluation of life satisfaction and happiness Positive psychology Applies research to provide people with knowledge and skills that allow them to experience fulfilling lives

Psychology in Your Life Can you accurately predict your future emotions? Can you think of any reasons why it might be useful to do this? Look at the information on page 333 of your text for more ideas.

Stress of Living Stress Stressors Pattern of specific and non-specific responses that disturb equilibrium Stressors Stimulus event that places demand on organism for some kind of adaptive response

A Model of Stress Figure 12.5, page 334

Physiological Stress Reactions Acute Stress Clear onset and offset patterns Chronic Stress Continuous state of arousal Demands are greater than are available resources

Emergency Reaction to Acute Stress Fight-or-Flight Response Prepares the body for combat and struggle or for running away to safety Tend-and-Befriend Response Shelly Taylor Females protect offspring and join social groups

Body’s Response to Stress Figure 12.6, page 335

Emergency Reaction to Chronic Stress General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Han Selye: Three-stage response Alarm reaction Resistance Exhaustion Used to explain psychosomatic disorders

The General Adaptation Syndrome

Psychological Stress Reactions Major Life Events Catastrophic and Traumatic Events Chronic Stressors Daily Hassles Major Life Events Life Change units (LCUs) Catastrophic and Traumatic Events Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Chronic Stressors Daily Hassles

Life-Change Units for Some Major Life Events Figure 12.8, page 337

Coping Coping with Stress Process of dealing with internal or external demands perceived as straining

Coping with Stress Appraisal of Stress Primary and secondary appraisal Cognitive appraisal Primary and secondary appraisal Stress moderator variables

Coping with Stress Types of Coping Responses Anticipatory coping Problem-directed coping controllable stressors Emotion-focused coping uncontrollable stressors

Modifying Cognitive Strategies Coping with Stress Modifying Cognitive Strategies Reappraising Restructuring Stress Inoculation Perceived Control Stress Inoculation Donald Meichenbaum

Coping with Stress Social Support as Coping Resource Socioemotional support Tangible support Informational support

Matches and Mismatches for Social Support Figure 12.8, page 343

Positive Effects of Stress Goal to provide people with knowledge and skills that allow them to experience fulfilling lives Benefit finding Posttraumatic growth Positive Psychology

Biopsychosocial Models of Health General condition of body and mind in terms of soundness and vigor Health

Field of Health Psychology Ways people stay healthy Reasons they become ill Ways they respond when they become ill Field of Health Psychology

Biopsychosocial Model of Health Traditional Health Practices Biopsychosocial Model Wellness Traditional Health Practices Hozho Biopsychosocial Model Link between nervous system, immune system, behavioral styles, cognitive processing, environmental styles Wellness Optimal health

Health Promotion Health Promotion General strategies and specific tasks to eliminate or reduce risk that people will get sick

Health Promotion Smoking Stages of Quitting Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance

Critical Thinking in Your Life Can health psychology help you get more exercise? Do you think some of the stages presented on page 349 of your text can help you overcome unhealthy behaviors?

Health Promotion HIV and AIDS Virus that attacks white blood cells in human blood and causes immune system damage Virus that damages immune system and weakens body’s ability to fight infection

Health Promotion AIDS Interventions Information Motivation Behavioral Skills

Treatment Patient Adherence Harnessing mind to heal body Psychoneuroimmunology Psychological impact on health outcomes Harnessing mind to heal body Relaxation response Biofeedback

Psychoneuroimmunology Investigation of interactions between psychological processes and functions of immune system Robert Ader and Nicholas Cohen

Personality and Health Type “B” Behavior Pattern Less competitive, less hostile, and so on Type “A” Behavior Pattern Competition, aggression, impatience, hostility Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

Job Burnout and the Healthcare System Emotional exhaustion Depersonalization Reduced personal accomplishments

A Toast to Your Health Nine year-round resolutions Never say bad thing about yourself Gauge appropriateness of your response against suitable social norms Have several close friends Develop a sense of balanced time perspective Take full credit for your successes and happiness Remove yourself from the situation when you feel you are losing control See failure and disappointments as opportunities Seek professional help when needed Cultivate healthy pleasures Nine year-round resolutions Never say bad thing about yourself Use constructive criticism Have several close friends Work at expanding and maintaining social support networks

Recapping Chapter 12 Main Points Basic Emotions and Culture Theories of Emotion Functions of Emotion Emotions Physiological Stress Reactions Psychological Stress Reactions Coping with Stress Positive Effects of Stress Stress and Living

Recapping Chapter 12 Main Points Biopsychosocial Model of Health Health Promotion Treatment Personality and Health Job Burnout and the Health-Care System A Toast to Your Health Health Psychology