How Students Learn.

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Presentation transcript:

How Students Learn

Learning Theories Behaviorism Cognitivism Constructivism Multiple Intelligences

– stresses teacher-centered approaches Behaviorism (Thorndike, Pavlov, Skinner) – early-mid 20th Century Particularly interested in measurable changes in behavior Behavior change indicates learning Stimulus & Response Critics claim behaviorists regard learners as empty vessels needed to be filled – stresses teacher-centered approaches

Cognitivism (Gagne, (1950s to late 20th Century) To complement behaviorism Non observable mental constructs are also important Non observable are hard to measure & analyzable – stresses the mind: thinking, reflection, motivation, memory, student control, metacognition, etc.

Constructivism (late 20th Century till now) Knowledge is actively constructed by learner New knowledge is possible through reflection upon existing knowledge Learning is a social process stresses student-centered approaches, learning rather than teaching, contextual, cooperative, etc.

Multiple Intelligences 1 Linguistic 2 Logical-mathematical 3 Spatial 4 Bodily-kinesthetic 5 Musical 6 Naturalistic 7 Interpersonal 8 Intrapersonal stresses individual-centered approaches

How Students Learn Mathematics

How Students Learn Mathematics Generalization Discovery Investigation Authentic Motivation Recognizing Patterns Drill & Practice Reflection Mnemonics Visualization Connections Competition Social Interaction In Isolation Fun Learn what they like !

Investigation & Discovery How Students Learn Mathematics - Pythagoras Theorem Investigation & Discovery

Through Authentic Activities How Students Learn Mathematics - Distances & Scales Through Authentic Activities

How Students Learn Mathematics - Basic Operations & Beyond Through Competition & Fun

Through Interests & Curiosity Numbers - Division If David Beckham gets $250 million in 5 years, what is his salary? Wage? In a day? An hour? A second? in Rupiah !!!!!!!! Through Interests & Curiosity

Multiple Intelligences: Through Visualizations How Students Learn Mathematics - Graphs Multiple Intelligences: Through Visualizations

How Students Learn Mathematics - Formulas Through Mnemonics

Through Mnemonics sin x = kos x = tan x =

How Some Geniuses Learn Mathematics

by Following Instructions Found it

by Following Instructions Found it

by Following the Rules

by Following the Rules

by Following the Rules

by Following More Rules

by Following More Rules

by Following More Rules

by Recognizing Patterns

by Recognizing Patterns

by Peter the Great