18.2 Challenging Segregation. Lesson Objectives 1. The students will be able to explain the effect of the Sit-In Movement. 2. The students will be able.

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18.2 Challenging Segregation

Lesson Objectives 1. The students will be able to explain the effect of the Sit-In Movement. 2. The students will be able to discuss the effect of the Birmingham protests. 3. The students will be able to explain what the CRA of 1964 did for African Americans.

A. The Sit-In Movement 1. Started by four African American teenage boys. a. Refused to move from the counter until they were served. 2. More than 100 cities had sit-ins. 3. Largely put together by college students.

4. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) i. Students from the South were the majority of members. -Also had white members ii.**Sent volunteers to the Deep South, rural areas, to help voter registration.

5. Voter Education Project a. **Push focus to the rural areas of the Deep South. b. Dangerous to travel to the South. i. 3 SNCC workers murdered in **6. Main Goal of CRM: Integrate public places and the right to vote

B. The Freedom Riders 1.**Protested bus terminal segregation. 2. May 1961, first FR group went down South i. Met by angry white mobs; bombed buses 3. Violence against the FRs shocked Americans and JFK

C. Kennedy and Civil Rights 1. Promised to support CR during campaign. 2. Cautious in office, need support from Southern senators. 3. Created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity (CEEO). i. Stop discrimination in hiring and promotions in the Fed. Gov.

4. Justice Department a. Run by Robert F. Kennedy i. **Filed lawsuits across the South against those that stopped voter registration. b. JFK forced Interstate Commerce Commission to integrate bus terminals.

5. James Meredith a. Air Force veteran b. Wanted to register at the University of Mississippi. i. Denied entrance by Gov. Ross Barnett c. 500 federal marshals and several thousand troops sent by JFK.

D. Violence in Birmingham 1. Demonstration lead by Dr. King. 2. Dr. King arrested after 8 days of protesting. a. “Letter from Birmingham Jail” 3. After Dr. King's release, the protest grew even more.

E. Civil Rights Act of Alabama Gov. George Wallace a. Denied AA students entrance to U of Alabama. 2. Murder of civil rights worker brought JFK to announce the bill.

3. March on Washington a. August 28th, b. Created to help support bill. c. MLK Jr. delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech. i. March and speech built momentum for the bill.

4. Bill becomes a Law a. Problems in the Senate i. Filibuster from Southern Dems. b. President Johnson used background as Senator to pressure Congress. c. Bill signed on July 2nd, 1964.

**d. Most Comprehensive Civil Rights Law i. Fed. Gov could prevent discrimination in many areas. ii. Segregation illegal in most public places. iii. End school segregation and discrimination in the workplace. iv. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) -Monitored ban on job discrimination

F. Voting Rights th Amendment eliminated the poll tax. 2. The Selma March a. March 7th, 1965 b. Selma to Montgomery c. 500 protesters 3. Protesters beat by police in front of t.v. cameras.

4. Voting Rights Act of 1965 a. Passed August 3rd, i. Federal examiners sent to register voters ii. Literacy tests gone b. Dramatic Results i. 250,000 registered c. Movement shifted focus to social/economic issues.