Running on Empty Demonstrate Knowlegde of body structure and function related to performance of a physical activity. 5 Credits

Introduction to our Body Structure and there functions. Involves the following systems of the human body 1.SKELETAL SYSTEM= foundation on which the the body is structured and used to support and protect internal organs. Also allows movement to occur. E.g. bones of the body. 2.MUSCULAR SYSTEM= connected to the skeleton, and, by muscles pulling over joints, allows the bones to be drawn together. This allows movement to occur e.g. muscles of the body. 3.RESPIRATORY SYSTEM=this takes oxygen from the lungs and transfers it into the blood and from there the cardiovascular system pumps that blood around the body where it is used as energy consumption.

Functional Anatomy Functions of the skeleton Support – for the organs of the body Protection – for internal organs such as the heart, lungs brain and eyes Movement – of bones through joints by providing a place for muscles to attach themselves Supply – of red blood cells and store minerals that the body needs

The Skeletal System

Joints Types of joints and the movements they allow…

Joints cont..

Movement in the body

Movement

Movement

Movement

Movement

Body Movements Extension (The ends of limbs moving apart. Angle at joint increases). Flexion (The ends of limbs moving towards each other. Angle at joint decreases). Abduction (The limbs moving away from the mid-line of the body). Adduction (The limbs moving towards the mid-line of the body). Circumduction (Combination of flex, abduct, ext & adduct). Rotation (Movement around a central axis). Supination (Turning your hands so that your palms face up). Pronation (Turning your hands so your palms are facing down). Inversion (Turning the sole of the foot inwards). Eversion (Turning the sole of the foot outwards). Dorsi flexion (The toes are pulled upwards, towards the tibia and fibula). Plantar flexion (The toes are pushed away from the tibia & fibula).

Skeletal Muscles Main type of muscle Attach to bones over joints As the muscles contract they shorten and pull bones together to produce movement Muscles are connected to bones by tendons Muscles can enlarge or reduce in size depending on how hard you work them

The Major Muscle Groups

Muscles and their Actions MuscleAction(s) it causes Neck Muscle Sternocleido mastiodlateral flexion and rotation of the neck Chest and Abdomen Muscles Pectoralsflexion, adduction and internal rotation of the shoulder Abdominalsflexion and lateral flexion of the trunk

Back Muscles Latissimus Dorsiextension, adduction and rotation of the shoulder Erector Spinaeextension of the trunk Shoulder and Arm Muscles Deltoidsflexion, extension, rotation, and abduction of the shoulder Triceps extension of the elbow Biceps flexion of the elbow

Hip and Leg Muscles Glutealsextension, rotation and abduction of the hip Ilio Psoasflexion of the hip Quadricepsextension of the knee (hip flexion) Hamstringsflexion of the knee (hip extension) Gastrocnemiusplantarflexion Tibialus Anteriordorsi flexion

Prime mover (agonist) and Antagonist muscles Agonist: This is the muscle that makes the movement happen. It is often described as the PRIME MOVER. (the contracting muscle) ANTAGONIST MUSCLE: the muscle that relaxes to allow movement to occur on the other side of the joint. e.g. when the biceps flex the elbow (contract), the triceps on the other side of the arm relax for that movement (relax). When the elbow extends back the muscles switch roles.

Types of Muscle Contractions Muscle contractions are classified according to the type of movement they cause. There are 4 types of contractions: IsotonicIsometricIsokineticEccentric

Isotonic Contraction An isotonic contraction is one which causes the muscle to shorten and move part of the body (i.e. cause movement through a joint). During an isotonic exercise a muscle can work concentrically or eccentrically

Concentric and Eccentric Contractions Concentric contraction: the muscle shortens during a contration. Eccentric contration: the muscle lengthens but is still contracting. Eg: when doing a bicep curl – the muscle is working concentrically when lifting the weight up towards the chest, and is working eccentrically when lowering the weight

Isometric Contractions During isometric contractions the muscle contracts but the length of the muscle stays the same. Isometric contractions do not usually cause movement around a joint. Eg: Pushing against a wall

Isokinetic Contractions This is a contraction where the muscle is under maximum tension throughout the entire movement. Eg lifting weights using certain makes of equipment which keep tension constant