Definition of “theory”: A – set of ideas to explain something. B – abstract knowledge or reasoning. C – idea or opinion Theory is an opinion or speculation. A theory is not necessarily based on facts; in other words, it is not always consistent with true descriptions of reality.

Definition of Origin: A: rise, beginning, or derivation from a source B: the point at which something begins or rises. Something that creates, causes, or gives rise to another

THINK: By yourself on the topic PAIR: Discuss with a partner and share your ideas. SHARE: Discuss with the entire class. Your group may be asked to share ideas. This is to encourage that everyone is in discussion. THINK: By yourself on the topic PAIR: Discuss with a partner and share your ideas. SHARE: Discuss with the entire class. Your group may be asked to share ideas. This is to encourage that everyone is in discussion.

 With a partner discuss and record where you believe people of China originated from. Ex. Space, Beijing, North Pole.

 Canada is a multicultural country.  Many people come from other countries.  Who lived in North America before the arrival of these different immigrant groups?  Where did they come from? Live?

 Christopher Columbus and other explorers arrived in North and South America, they found people living there already  These people are known as the First Nations Peoples, Aboriginal Peoples, or Natives  Believed that early humans evolved in Africa and migrated throughout the continent

 One Theory: ◦ years ago the world was in an Ice Age (period of time where the weather was much colder and much of the Earth covered with ice) ◦ Ocean levels dropped between 65 and 136 meters ◦ Formed a natural land bridge between Siberia and Alaska ◦ This was called the Beringia Land Bridge ◦ The First Peoples migrated (moved from one area to another) to Canada

 Many Native peoples believe that humans were created by their God, the Creator.  This legend has been passed from one generation to another through oral stories.  At the bottom of page 6, you can read the native theory of how people got to North America.

The Storyteller by L.F. Tantillo

The Iroquois of the Eastern Woodlands Territory: In the fertile land of the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River

Protected by log walls called palisades. Outside walls were large fields of various crops – the Iroquois were farmers. Inside the walls were the longhouses. Size of the Towns 500 – – – people 1000 people2000+ people 8 longhouse12 big longhousesmany longhouses

- Could be over 200 feet (70m) in length - Built about a framework covered with elm bark - Extended Family lived in the longhouse - Each Nuclear Family had its own hearth (fire pit) and compartment - Longhouses were managed and controlled by the Clan Mother

Crops The “Three Sisters” Corn – around 500 CE Beans – around 1300 to 1400 CE Squash – around 1300 to 1400 CE Later Crops: - Sunflowers - Pumpkins - Tobacco

 An Iroquois man named Dekanahwideh created the Iroquois Confederacy in the 1400’s.  He brought together five main groups of Iroquois in peace.  In the 1700’s another group joined to make it the Confederacy of Six Nations.  Each decision made in this confederacy was by consensus  A chief would respect a group’s decision.  In this kind of political structure, decision making took a long time.  Peace was the most important part of the Confederacy.

 Matriarchy – each clan was headed by a Clan Mother.  Matrilineal organization women owned the property, and determined kinship - any children became members of mother’s clan  Matrilocal – husband went to live with the wife’s family in their longhouse  Iroquois Confederation Councilmen were called Sachems or “Peace Chiefs” were selected and could be removed by the Clan Mothers.

 The Iroquois creator was known as Manitou.  Corn was believed to be an important gift of the Iroquois god—Manitou.

Iroquois Men Roles - Clear fields - Build towns - Hunting trips in winter and fishing in spring - Appointed as Sachems (Peace Chiefs) by women - Warriors and War Chiefs Appearance - Warriors wore their hair in a distinctive scalp lock - Men removed all facial and body hair - Tattoos were common (for both sexes)

Territory of the Bison Interior Plains of the southern prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba).

Bands Groups of 80 to 250 people that traveled and hunted together, All tribes had a council of men and women who made decisions. When it was necessary, the council would appoint a Chief (someone who was brave, a good hunter, good decision-maker) to advise the tribe, not to order. Multilineal and Multilocal organization. Blackfoot camp

In mid-summer, the bands came together for the Sun Dance. The major ceremony of the plains people – (nothing to do with the Sun.) The Sun Dance was an emotional experience and an opportunity to arrange marriages and exchange property.

(above) Funneling the Herd – Lewis Parker (right) Over the Jump – Lewis Parker 2 ways of hunting Corralling them into a pound, Running off a cliff called a buffalo jump.

Food! The bison meat made up the main part of the plains peoples’ diet. What is Pemmican? Just about everything was made from the bison. Tipi, Clothing, Bow/Shield, Storage bags, and MORE!

The Blackoot had a nomadic lifestyle and followed the bison across the prairies. The bands had to be able to move quickly and efficiently. Originally used dogs and later used horses

Very portable, Made of bison hide, Property of the woman, The “vision paintings” on the outside were the property of the man.