CELLS

Prokaryotic Cells Less advanced and less complex (more primitive) No nucleus: DNA is free floating Still carry out all characteristics of life a.k.a: bacteria! Eukaryotic Cells Cell of organisms more advanced than bacteria (animals, plants, fungus, and some single celled protists). More complex DNA contained inside the nucleus

PLANT CELL (eukaryotic)

ANIMAL CELL (eukaryotic)

NUCLEUS

NUCLEUS FUNCTION: Control center of the cell: “brain of cell” CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA) CONTROLS ALL CELL ACTIVITIES FOUND IN ALL CELLS EXCEPT BACTERIA (EXCEPT PROKARYOTES) In both PLANT and ANIMAL cells

Factory analogy: The ‘BOSS’ --- management/ CEO

CELL MEMBRANE ALL CELLS HAVE CELL MEMBRANE PROTECTS CELL CONTROLS WHAT ENTERS AND EXITS CELL CONSISTS OF 2-LAYERS OF LIPIDS AND PROTEIN CHANNELS In both PLANT and ANIMAL cells

FACTORY ANALOGY: Security or doors

CELL WALL PROTECTS the cell and provides SUPPORT structure (at cellular level) for plant cells In PLANT cells and some bacterial cells

structure of the building FACTORY ANALOGY outside walls or structure of the building

CYTOPLASM Cytoplasm is the contents of the cell that is inside the membrane but outside the nucleus. Suspends the other cell parts such as ribosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, etc. Essentially water with dissolved substances. In both PLANT and ANIMAL cells

Internal walls and ceilings FACTORY ANALOGY Internal walls and ceilings

CYTOSKELETON Network of protein filaments that helps a cell to maintain its shape Also involved in transport around cell In both PLANT and ANIMAL cells

FACTORY ANALOGY: Beams that support the walls & ceilings or Transportation system

MITOCHONDRIA FUNCTIONS: ‘POWER HOUSE’ OF CELL (‘mighty mitochondria”) CONVERTS ENERGY (GLUCOSE) INTO USABLE FORM (ATP) FOR CELL In both PLANT and ANIMAL cells Note: 1 mitochondrion, multiple mitochondria

power supply/ generators FACTORY ANALOGY: power supply/ generators

CHLOROPLASTS FUNCTION: CONVERT SUNLIGHT ENERGY INTO SUGAR (GLUCOSE) via photosynthesis GREEN because of PIGMENT CHLOROPHYLL

FACTORY ANALOGY solar panels

RIBOSOMES FUNCTION: PROTIENS MANUFACTURING SOME ARE ‘FREE’ AND SOME ARE ATTACHED TO ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) IN BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

FACTORY ANALOGY WORKERS

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) FUNCTION: assembles lipids, proteins, and other molecules for transport to other parts of cell or for export from the cell In both PLANT and ANIMAL cells

FACTORY ANALOGY: assembly line

GOLGI APPARATUS also known as ‘golgi bodies’ FUNCTION: modifies, sorts, packages and labels materials In both PLANT and ANIMAL cells

Mailroom/ shipping or warehouse FACTORY ANALOGY: Mailroom/ shipping or warehouse

LYSOSOMES FUNCTION: CLEAN-UP CREW OF CELL In both PLANT & ANIMAL cells Breaks down waste and other molecules for disposal/ recycling Contain digestive enzymes that break down waste In both PLANT & ANIMAL cells

FACTORY ANALOGY: custodians/ recycling

VACUOLES FUNCTION: PROVIDES A PLACE FOR STORAGE CONTAINS MAINLY WATER, SALT, NUTRIENTS AND WASTE PRODUCTS THE ‘CENTRAL VACUOLE’ IN PLANT CELLS’ OCCUPIES ¾ OF CELL VOLUME Primarily in plant cells, but also some animal cells

FACTORY ANALOGY: Storage rooms for extra supplies, overstock