General Pathology I v Introduction v Methods

Pathology science on diseases – causes (etiology) – mechanisms of formation (pathogenesis) – development (prognosis)

Pathology v general v special – organ – nosological (nosos= illness)

Methodology of Pathology Observation subject u necropsy (autopsy) u biopsy u cytology u experiment – animals – tissue cultures

Methodology of Pathology Observation level u macroscopy u microscopy u ultrastructure Special methods u histochemistry u immunohistochemistry u quantitative (computer) image analysis u genetic methods –FISH, PCR, CGH, …

Autopsy u After the 2 nd world war standing decrease v abroad < 10%, Czech Rep. < 50% u Aims –clinicopathological diagnosis –cause of death –dg. errors –therapy effects assessment –data on old and new diseases –teaching –event. medicolegal aspects of death

Autopsy u dissection method unchanged since the end of 19th century u changes in taking material for special methods & their employment to cope with clinical questions

Clinicopathological Diagnosis u Morbus principalis u Complicationes u Causa mortis u Inventus accesorius u Epicrisis

Biopsy u After the 2 nd world war standing increase u Aims – nosological diagnosis – tumour pathology – staging, grading – evaluation of therapy efficiency

„Classical“ Biopsy (formol paraffin technique ) u simple may be done in two days u immuno reactions two days more u further sectioning two days more u oncol. dg. - WHO classification

Peroperation Biopsy- Frozen section u reported DURING MINUTES !!! u morphological artefacts (combination with cytology) u limited extensity of investigation u limited time

Cytology u After the 2 nd world war standing increase u Aims – screening – nosological diagnosis – evaluation of therapy efficiency

Morphological Diagnostic Methods v Clinical v Pathological

Morphological Diagnostic Methods v Clinical: v macroscopy of lesions v visible with the naked eye v invisible with the naked eye - IMAGING (X-ray, sonography, scintigraphy, endoscopy, CT,…) v magnifying glass - colposcopy

Morphological Diagnostic Methods v Pathological v macroscopy v microscopy v ultrastructure v IMAGING

Morphometric Investigations objectivisation & refinement of diagnostic methods staging ( e.g. malignant melanoma) grading ( e.g. kidney carcinoma)

Pathology an extremely exciting medical specialty helping to understand & treat the diseases via diagnostic service for all other specialties