IIIIII I. Lewis Diagrams Ch. 9 – Molecular Structure C. Johannesson.

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IIIIII I. Lewis Diagrams Ch. 9 – Molecular Structure C. Johannesson

A. Octet Rule Remember… Most atoms form bonds in order to have 8 valence electrons. C. Johannesson

A. Octet Rule Exceptions: C. Johannesson  Hydrogen  2 valence e -  Groups 1,2,3 get 2,4,6 valence e -  Expanded octet  more than 8 valence e - (e.g. S, P, Xe)  Radicals  odd # of valence e - F B F F H O HN O Very unstable!! F F S F F

B. Drawing Lewis Diagrams Find total # of valence e -. Arrange atoms - singular atom is usually in the middle. Least electronegative Central atom Distribute remaining atoms around the central atom Terminal atoms

Form bonds between the central atom and each terminal atom 1 bond=2 e- Distribute remaining e - to give each atom an octet Symmetrical around terminal atoms Then add e- around central atom If there aren’t enough e - to go around, form double or triple bonds. Between terminal and central atoms Double bond=4 e- Triple bond=6e- C. Johannesson

B. Drawing Lewis Diagrams CF 4 C. Johannesson 1 C × 4e - = 4e - 4 F × 7e - = 28e - 32e - F F C F F - 8e - 24e -

B. Drawing Lewis Diagrams BeCl 2 C. Johannesson 1 Be × 2e - = 2e - 2 Cl × 7e - = 14e - 16e - Cl Be Cl - 4e - 12e -

B. Drawing Lewis Diagrams CO 2 C. Johannesson 1 C × 4e - = 4e - 2 O × 6e - = 12e - 16e - O C O - 4e - 12e -

C. Polyatomic Ions To find total # of valence e - : Add 1e - for each negative charge. Subtract 1e - for each positive charge. Place brackets around the ion and label the charge. C. Johannesson

C. Polyatomic Ions ClO 4 - C. Johannesson 1 Cl × 7e - = 7e - 4 O × 6e - = 24e - 31e - O O Cl O O + 1e - 32e - - 8e - 24e -

C. Polyatomic Ions NH 4 + C. Johannesson 1 N × 5e - = 5e - 4 H × 1e - = 4e - 9e - H H N H H - 1e - 8e - - 8e - 0e -

D. Resonance Structures Molecules that can’t be correctly represented by a single Lewis diagram. Actual structure is an average of all the possibilities. Show possible structures separated by a double-headed arrow. C. Johannesson

D. Resonance Structures C. Johannesson O O S O O O S O O O S O n SO 3