Bohr Diagrams for Atoms. Showing Protons, Neutrons and Electron Arrangements for neutral atoms of the First 20 Elements.

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Presentation transcript:

Bohr Diagrams for Atoms

Showing Protons, Neutrons and Electron Arrangements for neutral atoms of the First 20 Elements

Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962) In 1913 Niels Bohr Developed a Model of the Atom

Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962) In 1913 Niels Bohr Developed a Model of the Atom in which electrons are found outside the nucleus,

Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962) In 1913 Niels Bohr Developed a Model of the Atom in which electrons are found outside the nucleus, where they occupy shells.

Period 1

Period 2

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3

Period 4 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3

Period 4 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Number of Protons = 6

Period 4 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Number of Protons = 6

Period 4 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Approximate number of protons plus neutrons in the most common form of the element

Period 4 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Number of protons + neutrons in the most common form of carbon = 12

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Carbon has 6 protons and 12–6 = 6 neutrons

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Number of protons + neutrons = 12 Carbon has 6 protons and 12–6 = 6 neutrons

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Carbon has 6 protons and 12–6 = 6 neutrons Number of protons + neutrons = 12

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Argon has 18 protons and 40–18 = 22 neutrons

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Argon has 18 protons and 40–18 = 22 neutrons

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Argon has 18 protons and 40–18 = 22 neutrons

Period 4 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Number of Electrons in a Neutral Atom = 6

Period 4 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Number of Electrons in a Neutral Carbon Atom = 6

Period 4 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Number of Electrons in a Neutral Carbon Atom = 6

Period 4 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Phosphorus has 15 protons, 15 electrons in a neutral atom, and 31–15 = 16 neutrons.

Period 4 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Phosphorus has 15 protons, 15 electrons in a neutral atom, and 31–15 = 16 neutrons.

Period 4 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Phosphorus has 15 protons, 15 electrons in a neutral atom, and 31–15 = 16 neutrons.

Period 4 Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Phosphorus has 15 protons, 15 electrons in a neutral atom, and 31–15 = 16 neutrons.

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e –

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e –

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e –

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e –

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – A lower shell must be completely filled, before electrons are added to the next shell.

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen 1 e – in a neutral atom

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen 1 e – in a neutral atom

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen 1 e – in a neutral atom

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen 1 e – in a neutral atom

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen 1 e – in a neutral atom An unpaired e –

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Hydrogen The Bohr Model for Hydrogen

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 2 protons 1–1 = 0 neutrons

2 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 2 protons 1–1 = 0 neutrons

2 p 2 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 2 protons 4–2 = 2 neutrons

2 p 2 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 2 protons 4–2 = 2 neutrons

2 p 2 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 2 protons 4–2 = 2 neutrons

2 p 2 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 2 e – in a neutral atom

2 p 2 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 2 e – in a neutral atom

2 p 2 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 2 e – in a neutral atom

2 p 2 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – The Bohr Model for Helium

2 p 2 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e –

2 p 2 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – The 1 st shell is completely filled

2 p 2 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – The 1 st shell is completely filled Helium is a Noble Gas

2 p 2 n Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – Helium is a Noble Gas

2 p 2 n Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Helium 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – Helium is a Noble Gas

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Lithium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Lithium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Lithium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons Add another shell Period 2

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Lithium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons Add another shell

1 p 0 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Lithium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons 3 protons 1–1 = 0 neutrons

3 p 4 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Lithium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons 3 protons 1–1 = 0 neutrons

3 p 4 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Lithium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons 3 protons 7–3 = 0 neutrons

3 p 4 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Lithium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons 3 protons 7–3 = 4 neutrons

3 p 4 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Lithium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons 3 protons 7–3 = 4 neutrons

3 p 4 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Lithium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons 3 e – in a neutral atom

3 p 4 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Lithium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons 3 e – in a neutral atom

3 p 4 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Lithium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons 3 e – in a neutral atom The first 2e – go into the 1 st shell

3 p 4 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Lithium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons 3 e – in a neutral atom The 3 rd e – goes into the 2 nd shell

3 p 4 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Lithium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons The Bohr Model for Lithium

4 p 5 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Beryllium 1 proton 1–1 = 0 neutrons

4 p 5 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Beryllium 9–4 = 5 neutrons

4 p 5 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Beryllium 4 e – in a neutral atom

4 p 5 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Beryllium 4 e – in a neutral atom

4 p 5 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Beryllium 4 e – in a neutral atom The first 2e – go into the 1 st shell

4 p 5 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Beryllium 4 e – in a neutral atom The 3 rd and 4 th e – s go into the 2 nd shell

4 p 5 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Beryllium The Bohr Model for Beryllium

4 p 5 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Beryllium The Bohr Model for Beryllium An electron pair

4 p 5 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Beryllium Another Possible Bohr Model for Beryllium

4 p 5 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Beryllium Another Possible Bohr Model for Beryllium

5 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Boron

5 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Boron 11–5 = 6 neutrons

5 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Boron 5 e – in a neutral atom

5 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Boron 5 e – in a neutral atom The first 2e – go into the 1 st shell

5 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Boron 5 e – in a neutral atom The 3 rd and 4 th e –

5 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Boron 5 e – in a neutral atom And the 5 th e –

5 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Boron The Bohr Model for Boron

5 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Boron The Bohr Model for Boron An e – pair

5 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Boron The Bohr Model for Boron An unpaired e –

5 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Boron Another Possible Bohr Model for Boron

6 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Carbon

6 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 12–6 = 6 neutrons Carbon

6 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 6 e – in a neutral atom Carbon

6 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 6 e – in a neutral atom The first 2e – go into the 1 st shell Carbon

6 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 6 e – in a neutral atom The next 4 e – go into the 2 nd shell Carbon

6 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Carbon The Bohr Model for Carbon

6 p 6 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Carbon Another Possible Bohr Model for Carbon

7 p 7 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Nitrogen

7 p 7 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Nitrogen 14–7 = 7 neutrons

7 p 7 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Nitrogen 7 e – in a neutral atom

7 p 7 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Nitrogen 7 e – in a neutral atom

7 p 7 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Nitrogen The Bohr Model for Nitrogen

7 p 7 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Nitrogen 1 e – pair

7 p 7 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Nitrogen 1 lone pair

7 p 7 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Nitrogen 3 Unpaired e – s

8 p 8 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Oxygen

8 p 8 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Oxygen 16–8 = 8 neutrons

8 p 8 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Oxygen 8 e – in a neutral atom

8 p 8 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Oxygen 8 e – in a neutral atom

8 p 8 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Oxygen The Bohr Model for Oxygen

8 p 8 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Oxygen 2 lone pairs

8 p 8 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Oxygen 2 unpaired e – s

9 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Fluorine

9 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Fluorine 19–9 = 10 neutrons

9 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Fluorine 9 e – in a neutral atom

9 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Fluorine 9 e – in a neutral atom

9 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Fluorine The Bohr Model for Fluorine

9 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Fluorine 3 lone pairs

9 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Fluorine 1 unpaired e –

10 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Neon

10 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Neon 20–10 = 10 neutrons

10 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Neon 10 e – in a neutral atom

10 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Neon 10 e – in a neutral atom

10 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Neon The Bohr Model for Neon

10 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Neon 4 lone pairs

10 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Neon A stable octet

10 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Neon A stable octet

10 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Neon A completely filled 2 nd shell

10 p 10 n Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Neon A completely filled 2 nd shell Neon is a Noble Gas

10 p 10 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Neon A completely filled 2 nd shell

10 p 10 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Neon A completely filled 2 nd shell

11 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sodium Period 2

11 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sodium Period 2 Add another shell

11 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sodium Period 2 Add another shell

11 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sodium Period 2

11 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sodium Period 2 23–11 = 12 neutrons

11 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sodium Period 2 11 electrons in a neutral atom

11 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sodium Period 2 11 electrons in a neutral atom

11 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sodium Period 2 11 electrons in a neutral atom 2e– go into the 1 st shell

11 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sodium Period 2 11 electrons in a neutral atom

11 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sodium Period 2 11 electrons in a neutral atom 8e – go into the 2 nd shell

11 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sodium Period 2 11 electrons in a neutral atom 8e – go into the 2 nd shell

11 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sodium Period 2 11 electrons in a neutral atom 2e – go in shell 1 and 8e – in shell 2

11 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sodium Period 2 11 electrons in a neutral atom Since shells 1 and 2 are filled, the last e – goes in shell 3

11 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sodium Period 2 The Bohr Model for Sodium

12 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Magnesium Period 2 24–12 = 12

12 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Magnesium Period 2 12 electrons in a neutral atom

12 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Magnesium Period 2 12 electrons in a neutral atom

12 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Magnesium Period 2 The Bohr Model for Magnesium

12 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Magnesium Period 2 Another Possible Bohr Model for Magnesium

12 p 12 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Magnesium Period 2 Another Possible Bohr Model for Magnesium

13 p 14 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Aluminum Period 2 27–13 = 14

13 p 14 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Aluminum Period 2 13 electrons in a neutral atom

13 p 14 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Aluminum Period 2 13 electrons in a neutral atom

13 p 14 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Aluminum Period 2 The Bohr Model for Aluminum

13 p 14 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Aluminum Period 2 Another Possible Bohr Model for Aluminum

14 p 14 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Silicon Period 2 28–14 = 14

14 p 14 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Silicon Period 2 14 electrons in a neutral atom

14 p 14 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Silicon Period 2 14 electrons in a neutral atom

14 p 14 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Silicon Period 2 The Bohr Model for Silicon

14 p 14 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Silicon Period 2 Another Possible Bohr Model for Silicon

15 p 16 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Phosphorus Period 2 31–15 = 16

15 p 16 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Phosphorus Period 2 15 electrons in a neutral atom

15 p 16 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Phosphorus Period 2 15 electrons in a neutral atom

15 p 16 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Phosphorus Period 2 The Bohr Model for Phosphorus

16 p 16 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sulphur Period 2 32–16 = 16

16 p 16 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sulphur Period 2 16 electrons in a neutral atom

16 p 16 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sulphur Period 2 16 electrons in a neutral atom

16 p 16 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Sulphur Period 2 The Bohr Model for Sulphur

17 p 18 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Chlorine Period 2 35–17 = 18

17 p 18 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Chlorine Period 2 17 electrons in a neutral atom

17 p 18 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Chlorine Period 2 17 electrons in a neutral atom

17 p 18 n Period 1 Period 3 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Chlorine Period 2 The Bohr Model for Chlorine

18 p 22 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Argon Period 2 Period 3 40–18 = 22

18 p 22 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Argon Period 2 Period 3 18 electrons in a neutral atom

18 p 22 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Argon Period 2 Period 3 18 electrons in a neutral atom

18 p 22 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Argon Period 2 Period 3 The Bohr Model for Argon

18 p 22 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Argon Period 2 Period 3 Argon has a Stable Octet

18 p 22 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Argon Period 2 Period 3 The 3 rd shell has 8 e – s

18 p 22 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Argon Period 2 Period 3 The 3 rd shell has 8 e – s

18 p 22 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Argon Period 2 Period 3 The 3 rd shell has 8 e – s The 3 rd shell is completely filled. Argon is a noble gas.

18 p 22 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Argon Period 2 Period 3 The 3 rd shell has 8 e – s noble gas The 3 rd shell is completely filled. Argon is a noble gas.

18 p 22 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Argon Period 2

18 p 22 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Argon Period 2

19 p 21 n Period 1 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Potassium Period 2 Period 3 Period 4

19 p 21 n Period 1 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Potassium Period 2 Period 3 Add another shell Period 4

19 p 21 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Potassium Period 2 Period 3 40–19 = 21

19 p 21 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Potassium Period 2 Period 3 19 electrons in a neutral atom

19 p 21 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Potassium Period 2 Period 3 19 electrons in a neutral atom

19 p 21 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Potassium Period 2 Period 3 The Bohr Model for Potassium

20 p 20 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Calcium Period 2 Period 3 40–20 = 20

20 p 20 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Calcium Period 2 Period 3 20 electrons in a neutral atom

20 p 20 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Calcium Period 2 Period 3 20 electrons in a neutral atom

20 p 20 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Calcium Period 2 Period 3 The Bohr Model for Calcium

20 p 20 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Calcium Period 2 Period 3 Another Possible Bohr Model for Calcium

20 p 20 n Period 1 Period 4 1 st Shell holds maximum 2 e – 2 nd Shell holds maximum 8 e – 3 rd Shell holds maximum 8 e – Calcium Period 2 Period 3 Another Possible Bohr Model for Calcium