History

 The world may ocean be considered as a single entity with temporary partitions. It covers 71% of the earth’s surface

 Marine science—oceanography –is the process of discovering unifying principles in data obtained from the ocean

 Science is the process of asking questions about the observable world and then testing the answers to those questions. The external world, not internal; conviction, is the testing ground for scientific beliefs.

 The ocean did not prevent humans from occupying nearly place on Earth that could sustain them

 The origin of marine species lie in voyaging— traveling on the ocean for a purpose. Technological advances made during voyaging and later marine exploration led to the rise of scientific oceanography.

 Earth's shape and circumference were accurately estimated around 230 B.C. at the Library of Alexandria, Egypt. The use of latitude and longitude for positioning and navigation also began there.

 Christopher Columbus did not discover North America and he did not sail around the world.

 Captain James Cook, Royal Navy, was perhaps the first ocean observer careful enough to be considered a marine scientist

 The Challenger expedition was the first purely scientific voyage of ocean exploration

 Polar studies greatly advanced marine science at the beginning of the 20 th century.

 Nearly all the research conducted not by individuals but by teams of specialists working in large, nationally funded oceanographic or military institutions

 The tools of modern oceanography include satellites, manned and unmanned (ROV), computer modeling.