Bell Work  When you hear the word “argument,” what do you think of? Include details and examples. If you’re not sure what you think of, then explain why!  “I don’t know” is not an option!

Introduction to Rhetoric English 4

Rhetoric  Classic Definition: “The art of finding, in any given situation, all available means of persuasion.” ~Aristotle  Contemporary Definition: How we use language. How language uses us. ~Krista Ratcliffe

What is rhetoric? Rhetoric is the art of persuasion. The goal of persuasion is to change others’ point of view or to move others to take action.

Who is Aristotle? Aristotle ( BCE ) is the most notable product of the educational program devised by Plato. Aristotle wrote on an amazing range of subjects, from logic, philosophy, and ethics to physics, biology, psychology, politics, and rhetoric.

What is Rhetoric?  Effective communication  What makes communication effective?  What makes communication ineffective?  What are the different forms of communication?

The Rhetorical Triangle  Speaker  Audience  Message  Logos  Pathos  Ethos  Tone  Format  Purpose

What is logos, ethos, and pathos? Logos = Logic Ethos = Ethics, Image Pathos = Emotions (Passion)

Logos Logos is an argument based on facts, evidence and reason. Using logos means appealing to the readers’ sense of what is logical.

Ethos Ethos is an argument based on character. Using ethos means the writer or speaker appeals to the audience’s sense of ethical behavior. The writer or speaker presents him or herself to the audience as credible, trustworthy, honest and ethical. “I am an ethical expert, so believe what I say.”

Pathos Pathos = argument based on feelings Using pathos means appealing to readers’ emotions and feelings

Symbols for Logos, Ethos and Pathos Logos = Head Ethos = Hand Pathos = Heart

Terms  Please define all the following terms in your Rhetoric notes.

Colloquialisms  A colloquialism is a phrase that is common in everyday, unconstrained conversation, rather than in formal speech, or academic writing.  Colloquialisms are often used primarily within a limited geographical area. For example, in the South, people say soda. In the Midwest, soda is called pop. In Scotland, soda is called ginger, and in the Northeast, soda is called tonic.

Diction  Diction is the style of speaking or writing as dependent upon choice of words. It is also the accent, inflection, intonation, and speech-sound quality manifested by an individual speaker, usually judges in terms of prevailing standards of acceptability.  Tell me what that means!!!

Syntax  Syntax is the study of the rules that apply to language (grammar)… why do we write/speak the way we do?  Example:

Trope  In linguistics, trope is a rhetorical figure of speech that consists of a play on words, i.e., using a word in a way other than what is considered its literal or normal form.  The term trope derives from the ancient Greek word tropos which means to “turn, direction, way.” Therefore, a trope is a way of turning a word away from its normal meaning.  There are MANY types of trope…it is its own type of figurative language.

More on Tropes…  Tropes can be things such as… Irony ex. “An old man turned ninety- eight/ He won the lottery and died the next day” Metaphors ex. "This is your brain on drugs." Similes ex. "Her skin was like alabaster." Puns ex. "Johnny B. Good" is a pun for "Johnny be good." Hyperboles (exaggerations) ex. "Yo' mama's so fat...."

Parallelism  In grammar, parallelism is a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses.  Examples: "Buy a bucket of chicken and have a barrel of fun." (slogan of Kentucky Fried Chicken) "Immature poets imitate; mature poets steal." (T.S. Eliot)

Examples:  /2012/05/great-infographics-for- language.html /2012/05/great-infographics-for- language.html

Juxtaposition  Juxtaposition is the placement of two things (usually abstract concepts, though it can refer to physical objects) near each other.  Juxtaposition, unlike an oxymoron, does not have the words that are being juxtaposed next to each other. Such as a song about peace being played over images of war, or “Yeah, yeah, I’m up at Brooklyn,/ now I’m down in Tribeca/Right next to De Niro, but I’ll be hood forever” - Jay-Z, “Empire State of Mind”

Oxymoron  The word oxymoron comes from the Greek words meaning sharp and dull. Thus, an oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines contradictory terms.  Examples: The living dead It’s a “new classic.” It’s an “open secret.”

Antithesis  In Rhetoric, the antithesis is the placing of a sentence (or one of its parts) against another to which it is opposed. This is done to form a balanced contrast of ideas.  Example: “Give me liberty or give me death. The second part of the sentence is the antithesis-the opposition.

Logos, Pathos Ethos in Commercials  

Movie Examples…  A Knight’s Tale  Remember the Titans  Braveheart Listen closely. Find as many examples of rhetoric as you can!!!

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