1 Identifying Static and Dynamic Routes Static Route Uses a route that a network administrator enters into the router manually Dynamic Route Uses a route that a network routing protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes

2 Default Route Example Routing protocols are used between routers to determine paths and maintain routing tables. Once the path is determined a router can route a routed protocol. Network Protocol Destination Network Connected RIP IGRP Exit Interface E0 S0 S1 Routed Protocol: IP Routing protocol: RIP, IGRP E0 S0

3 Interior or Exterior Routing Protocols Autonomous System 100 Autonomous System 200 IGPs: RIP, IGRP EGPs: BGP –An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain –IGPs operate within an autonomous system –EGPs connect different autonomous systems

4 Split Horizon ABC E0S0 S1S0E0 X XX Routing Table S Routing Table E0 S Routing Table S0 S1 E It is never useful to send information about a route back in the direction from which the original packet came

5 Poison Reverse ABC E0S0 S1S0E0 X Routing Table S Infinity Routing Table E0 S Routing Table S0 S1 E Routers set the distance to infinity if the destination is routed on that link

6 Hold-Down Timers Router keeps an entry for the network down state, allowing time for other routers to recompute for this topology change Network is down then back up then back down Update after hold-down Time Update after hold-down Time Network is unreachable Network is unreachableABC E0S0 S1S0E0 X Update after hold-down Time Update after hold-down Time

7 Triggered Updates Nodes send messages as soon as they notice a change in their routing table ABC E0S0 S1S0E0 X Network is unreachable Network is unreachable Network is unreachable Network is unreachable Network is unreachable Network is unreachable

8 Hybrid Routing Share attributes of both distance-vector and link-state routing Choose a routing path based on distance vectors Converge rapidly using change-based updates Choose a routing path based on distance vectors Converge rapidly using change-based updates Balanced Hybrid Routing

9 Dynamic Routing Configuration –Defines an IP routing protocol Router(config)#router protocol [keyword] Mandatory configuration command for each IP routing process Identifies the physically connected network that routing updates are forwarded to Router(config-router)#network network-number

10 RIP Overview 19.2 kbps T1 –Hop count metric selects the path –Routes update every 30 seconds

11 RIP Configuration Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#network network-number Selects participating attached networks The network number must be a major classful network number

12 Displaying the IP Routing Table RouterA#sh ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR T - traffic engineered route Gateway of last resort is not set /24 is subnetted, 1 subnets C is directly connected, Ethernet /24 is subnetted, 2 subnets R [120/1] via , 00:00:07, Serial2 C is directly connected, Serial2 R /24 [120/2] via , 00:00:07, Serial S2E0S S2S A BC E0

13 debug ip rip Command S2E0S S2S A BC E0 RouterA#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on RouterA# 00:06:24: RIP: received v1 update from on Serial2 00:06:24: in 1 hops 00:06:24: in 2 hops 00:06:33: RIP: sending v1 update to via Ethernet0 ( ) 00:06:34: network , metric 1 00:06:34: network , metric 3 00:06:34: RIP: sending v1 update to via Serial2 ( ) 00:06:34: network , metric 1

14 IGRP Composite Metric 19.2 kbps Source Destination –Bandwidth –Delay –Reliability –Loading –MTU

15 Configuring a Serial Line Enter global configuration mode Specify interface Set DCE clock rate (optional) Set bandwidth (optional) Router(config-if)#clock rate Router(config-if)# Router(config)#interface serial 1 Router(config-if)# Router#configure term Router(config)# Router(config-if)#bandwidth 56 Router(config-if)#exit Router(config)#exit Router#

16 Configuring IGRP Router(config-router)#network network-number Selects participating attached networks Router(config)#router igrp autonomous-system Defines IGRP as the IP routing protocol Router(config-router)#traffic-share { balanced | min } Control how load-balanced traffic is distributed Router(config-router)#variance multiplier Control IGRP load balancing

17 debug ip igrp transaction Command S2E0S S2S A BC E0 RouterA#debug ip igrp transactions IGRP protocol debugging is on RouterA# 00:21:06: IGRP: sending update to via Ethernet0 ( ) 00:21:06: network , metric= :21:06: network , metric= :21:07: IGRP: sending update to via Serial2 ( ) 00:21:07: network , metric= :21:16: IGRP: received update from on Serial2 00:21:16: subnet , metric (neighbor 88956) 00:21:16: network , metric (neighbor 89056)

18 debug ip igrp events Command RouterA#debug ip igrp events IGRP event debugging is on RouterA# 00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to via Ethernet0 ( ) 00:23:44: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:44: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2 00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to via Serial2 ( ) 00:23:45: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:45: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1 00:23:48: IGRP: received update from on Serial2 00:23:48: IGRP: Update contains 1 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:48: IGRP: Total routes in update: S2E0S S2S A BC E0

19 ip classless Command –With ip classless Default –With no ip classless Drop Router(config)#ip classless S0 Default route E Network Protocol Destination Network C C RIP via Exit Interface E0 S0 S0 E To get to :

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