Unification of Italy and Germany Unification of Italy and Germany Chapter 8 Section 3

Cavour Unites Italy Nationalism did not only destroy empires, it helped build nations. Nationalism did not only destroy empires, it helped build nations. Italy formed from crumbling empires. Italy formed from crumbling empires – fewer Italians were content to live under foreign rulers – fewer Italians were content to live under foreign rulers.

Cavour Leads Italian Unification Italian nationalists looked for leadership from the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the largest and most powerful of the Italian states. Italian nationalists looked for leadership from the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the largest and most powerful of the Italian states. Kingdom adopted a liberal constitution in Kingdom adopted a liberal constitution in Unification sounded like a good plan to the liberal middle-class. Unification sounded like a good plan to the liberal middle-class.

Count Camillo di Cavour Became Prime Minister of Sardinia in Became Prime Minister of Sardinia in Worked tirelessly to expand Piedmont-Sardinia’s power. Worked tirelessly to expand Piedmont-Sardinia’s power. Wanted to gain control of northern Italy. Wanted to gain control of northern Italy.

Roadblock to Italy Cavour realized that Austria would cause a major roadblock. Cavour realized that Austria would cause a major roadblock. Napoleon III agreed to help drive Austria out of the northern Italian provinces. Napoleon III agreed to help drive Austria out of the northern Italian provinces. Cavour then started a war with Austria. Cavour then started a war with Austria. With the help of the French, Sardinia won two quick victories. With the help of the French, Sardinia won two quick victories. Sardinia took all of northern Italy, except Venetia. Sardinia took all of northern Italy, except Venetia.

Garibaldi Brings Unity While Cavour was uniting northern Italy, he secretly helped nationalist rebels in the south. While Cavour was uniting northern Italy, he secretly helped nationalist rebels in the south. May 1860 – a small army of Italian nationalists captured Sicily. May 1860 – a small army of Italian nationalists captured Sicily. Army was known as the Red Shirts. Army was known as the Red Shirts. Leader – Giuseppe Garibaldi, and his followers, always wore a bright red shirt in battle. Leader – Giuseppe Garibaldi, and his followers, always wore a bright red shirt in battle.

Garibaldi Garibaldi and his soldiers marched north from Sicily. Garibaldi and his soldiers marched north from Sicily. Garibaldi agreed to unite southern areas with the kingdom of Piedmont- Sardinia. Garibaldi agreed to unite southern areas with the kingdom of Piedmont- Sardinia. Garibaldi met with King Victor Emmanuel II. Garibaldi met with King Victor Emmanuel II. Garibaldi agreed to step aside and let the King rule. Garibaldi agreed to step aside and let the King rule.

Final Additions 1860 – Venetia became part of Italy – Venetia became part of Italy – Papal States came under Italian control – Papal States came under Italian control. This included the city of Rome. This included the city of Rome. Rome became the capital of Italy. Rome became the capital of Italy. The pope would continue to govern a section of Rome known as Vatican City. The pope would continue to govern a section of Rome known as Vatican City.

Bismarck Unites Germany Like Italy, Germany also achieved national unity in the mid-1800s. Like Italy, Germany also achieved national unity in the mid-1800s – 39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation – 39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation. The Austrian Empire dominated the confederation. The Austrian Empire dominated the confederation. However, Prussia was ready to unify all the German States. However, Prussia was ready to unify all the German States.

German Confederation

Prussia Leads German Unification Prussia had several advantages: Prussia had several advantages: Prussia had a large German population Prussia had a large German population Unlike the Austro-Hungarian Empire Unlike the Austro-Hungarian Empire Nationalism unified Prussia and tore Austria-Hungary apart. Nationalism unified Prussia and tore Austria-Hungary apart. Prussia’s army was the most powerful in central Europe. Prussia’s army was the most powerful in central Europe. Berlin rioters forced a constitutional convention to write up a liberal constitution for the kingdom, paving the way for unification. Berlin rioters forced a constitutional convention to write up a liberal constitution for the kingdom, paving the way for unification.

Bismarck Takes Control 1862 – Wilhelm I succeeded Frederick William to the throne – Wilhelm I succeeded Frederick William to the throne. Liberal parliament refused him money for reforms that would double the strength of his army. Liberal parliament refused him money for reforms that would double the strength of his army. Major challenge to Wilhelm’s authority. Major challenge to Wilhelm’s authority. Based on this information, do you think Wilhelm was a liberal or a conservative? Based on this information, do you think Wilhelm was a liberal or a conservative?

Junkers & Bismarck Junkers supported his view. Junkers supported his view. Junkers = strongly conservative members of Prussia’s wealthy landowning class. Junkers = strongly conservative members of Prussia’s wealthy landowning class – Wilhelm chose a conservative Junker to be his Prime Minister 1862 – Wilhelm chose a conservative Junker to be his Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck

Realpolitik Bismarck became a master at realpolitik. Bismarck became a master at realpolitik. Means “the politics of unity”. Means “the politics of unity”. Used to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism. Used to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism.

“It is not by means of speeches and majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided but by blood and iron.”

Dealing with Parliament Bismarck declared that he would rule without: Bismarck declared that he would rule without: Consent of parliament Consent of parliament Legal budget Legal budget These actions were in direct violation of the constitution. These actions were in direct violation of the constitution.

Prussia Expands 1864 – Bismarck took the first step toward molding an empire – Bismarck took the first step toward molding an empire. Prussia and Austria formed an alliance. Prussia and Austria formed an alliance. Went to war against Denmark to win two border provinces: Schleswig (P) and Holstein (A). Went to war against Denmark to win two border provinces: Schleswig (P) and Holstein (A). The quick victory increased national pride among Prussians. The quick victory increased national pride among Prussians. Won new respect from other Germans. Won new respect from other Germans.

Seven Weeks’ War Bismarck purposely stirred up border conflicts with Austria over the two provinces. Bismarck purposely stirred up border conflicts with Austria over the two provinces. Austria declared war on Prussia in Austria declared war on Prussia in Prussians used their superior training and equipment  devastating victory for Prussia. Prussians used their superior training and equipment  devastating victory for Prussia. Austria = humiliated Austria = humiliated Austrians lost Venetia. Austrians lost Venetia.

Prussia’s Control Due to its victory, Prussia took control of northern Germany. Due to its victory, Prussia took control of northern Germany. Eastern and western Prussia were joined for the first time. Eastern and western Prussia were joined for the first time – the remaining states joined the North German Confederation – the remaining states joined the North German Confederation. Prussia completely dominated. Prussia completely dominated.

The Franco-Prussian War 1867 – a few southern German states remained independent – a few southern German states remained independent. Southern Germans – Catholic Southern Germans – Catholic Prussia – Protestant Prussia – Protestant South resisted domination by Prussia. South resisted domination by Prussia. Bismarck felt that the southerners would give in if they felt an outside threat. Bismarck felt that the southerners would give in if they felt an outside threat. Bismarck felt that a war with France would suffice. Bismarck felt that a war with France would suffice.

Franco-Prussian War (cont.) Bismarck manufactured “incidents”. Bismarck manufactured “incidents”. Created the impression that the French ambassador had insulted the Prussian king. Created the impression that the French ambassador had insulted the Prussian king. France reacted by declaring war in France reacted by declaring war in Prussia entered France and captured 83,000 people including Napoleon III. Prussia entered France and captured 83,000 people including Napoleon III. Parisians finally gave in due to hunger. Parisians finally gave in due to hunger. Final stage of German unification. Final stage of German unification.

After the War Southern Germans finally had nationalistic feelings. Southern Germans finally had nationalistic feelings. Accepted Prussian leadership. Accepted Prussian leadership – Captured Versailles – Captured Versailles. King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned kaiser or emperor. King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned kaiser or emperor. Called empire The Second Reich Called empire The Second Reich Holy Roman Empire was the first. Holy Roman Empire was the first.

A Shift in Power The 1815 Congress of Vienna had established five Great Powers in Europe: The 1815 Congress of Vienna had established five Great Powers in Europe: Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia 1815 – powers were nearly equal in strength – powers were nearly equal in strength – Britain and Germany were the most powerful – Britain and Germany were the most powerful. European balance of power had broken down. European balance of power had broken down.