The Crimean War [ ] Russia [claimed authority over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire ] Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Piedmont-Sardinia

The Crimean War [ ]

Florence Nightingale [ ] Professional nursing the wounded

Giuseppi Garibaldi Giuseppi Mazzini Italian Nationalist Leaders

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French April 30, 1849 Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French April 30, 1849

Liberal national idealists defeated in efforts to unite Italy Liberal national idealists defeated in efforts to unite Italy

Post 1848 Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

Camillo Cavor Premier of Piedmont under King Victor Emmanuel IIPremier of Piedmont under King Victor Emmanuel II Liberal who wants to united northern Italy as a constitutional monarchyLiberal who wants to united northern Italy as a constitutional monarchy

Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections: Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections: Nationalist movements “Neither pope nor king” should rule Italy

Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea Effort to gain favor from France and GB for help to defeat Austrians

Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858

Deals at Plombières France helps Piedmont against Austria – –Italy gets Lombardy and Venetia – –France gets Nice and Savoy

Step #4: War against Austria Piedmont/French forces defeat Austria Napoleon III makes peace with Austria (Piedmont gets Lombardy, but Austria keeps Venetia) Cavour resigns Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Romagna, Papal states want to unite…Cavour returns France doesn’t put up with a fight if they get Nice and Savoy

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War Step #5: Austro-Prussian War Prussia promises Italy Venetia if they remain neutral in Prussia/Austrian fight Venetia is annexed to Italy.

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour Revolution breaks out in Sicily against Bourbon ruler Red Shirts set off to Sicily Francis II flees

Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870 Complete Unification

A Unified Peninsula! Right Leg in the Boot at Last Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

Prussia/Austria Rivalry

The German Confederation

Zollverein, 1834 Customs union that reduced tariffs and other trade barriers between German states

Kaiser Wilhelm I

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck.... Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war

Step #1: The Danish War [1864] Schleswig and Holstein Danish king annexes Schleswig  angers German nationalists Prussia and Austria align against Denmark Bismarck makes sure other countries will remain neutral Schleswig and Holstein Danish king annexes Schleswig  angers German nationalists Prussia and Austria align against Denmark Bismarck makes sure other countries will remain neutral

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866 Prussia Austria Prussia accuses Austria of violating Convention of Gastein Prussia defeats Austria Treaty of Prague Prussia gets Schleswig and Holstein (also other northern German states) German Confederation dissolved Prussia accuses Austria of violating Convention of Gastein Prussia defeats Austria Treaty of Prague Prussia gets Schleswig and Holstein (also other northern German states) German Confederation dissolved

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867 Bismarck establishes Northern German Confederation with Austria excluded

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for War 1868 revolt in Spain Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenzollern [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king France protested & his name was withdrawn; Kaiser agrees The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to guarantee Hohenzollern candidacy would not be renewed. Kaiser refuses and has report sent to Bismarck. Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War [ ] Napoleon III captured; Second Republic falls; Third Republic established

Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid. France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

German Imperial Flag