Nation Building

The desire of a group of people united by language, religion, culture to form a nation

The need/want for unity in Italy stemmed from the French Revolution Under Napoleon Italy was combined into larger states (unlike the first map you have completed) Growing nationalist sentiment in Italy after tasting unification

Apennine Mountains separated East and West Po river divided North and South

Pope wanted control of the Papal States Unwilling to give up land

Other states could not agree on who would lead the nation Lack of a strong leader or royal blood Common disagreement between all states

Other European nations did not want a strong Italy Feared its power as a full nation Some European nations had control over Italian states Austria: Northern Italy Spain: Western Italy

Prime Minister or Sardinia Brilliant Economist Controlled 20 percent of the population of “Italy” 27 percent of exports Built canals, reformed trade and land use First successful leader of unification Knew he needed outside help to rid Italy of foreign rule

Sardinia (under Cavour) joined Britain and France in their war against Russia

War was fought over territories in the declining Ottoman Empire (Turkish Islamic Empire)

Sardinia (under Cavour) joined Britain and France in their war against Russia War was fought over territories in the declining Ottoman Empire (Turkish Islamic Empire) Because Sardinia helped with the war they received favour from France

Cavour sows nationalists discontent in Lombardy Eventually riots and rebellions break out Austria declares war and sends troops to attack Lombardy French send troops to aid Sardinia Make a deal to aid Sardinia in return for Savoy and Nice Austrians driven out of Lombardy

The states of Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and the Papal province of Romagna all begin to move towards Sardinia Held plebiscites (popular votes) deciding whether to join Sardinia By 1860 All of Northern Italy except Venetia belongs to Cavour and Sardinia

Nationalism

Nationalist sentiment growing in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Ruled by the Bourbon House of Spain

Dashing military commander who wanted nothing less than a completely unified Italy In 1860 formed a 1000 man volunteer army called the “Red Shirts” Had “unofficial” approval from Sardinia Attacks the kingdom of the Two Sicilies Aimed to drive out the Bourbon rulers

Garibaldi and the Red Shirts land on the island of Sicily and conquer it in a daring campaign They then sail to the mainland and thump the Bourbon forces there He then turns his army north to the Papal States in the middle Cavour intercedes with a Sardinian army Worried that attacking the pope would anger the French who is under their protection

Convinces Garibaldi to turn over Sicily and Naples to Sardinia By the end of 1860 Cavour controls all of “Italy” proper except: Venetia and Rome In 1861 parliament representing all of the controlled territories meets and proclaims Victor Emmanuel (the king of Sardinia) the King of Italy Side note: 3 months later, just as the unification is about complete Cavour dies. Suck.

In 1866 Italy joins Prussia in a war against Austria Austria loses and cedes Venetia to Italy In 1870 Prussia and France go to war and France withdraws its troops from Rome, leaving her undefended Italians enter the city and a vote is held vote for annexation to Italy

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