Assessment of Impacts on Radar/IR Detection Vulnerability and EA/ISR Effectiveness Prof Ken Davidson Department of Meteorology Root January 2006\

Legend: METOC Data Sources, Refractivity Models, Propagation Models, Effects (SPP) Models Propagation Models EM: APM IR: EOSTAR Continuous, 3-D Refractivity Extinction Scintillation Near-Surface Collected: Vessel / Buoy Airflow Waves Atmospheric Numerical Predictions: Mesoscale COAMPS Satellite sensor collected: Duct Top Height SST In situ Upper-Air Soundings: Rawinsondes Microwave/Lidar Upper-Air COAMPS profiles Duct Fields = examined/applied Near-Surface NPS Bulk Model Wireless Link Land IR Sea RF 100% 80% 60% 30% 0% 100% Effects Models AREPS TAWS Integrated Approach for RF/IR Impact Assessment:

CapabilitiesLocationWhen Models Developed Model and Sensing Development ONR/SPAWAR EOPACE, Moriah, Wallops, RED, others East, West coasts, Oahu, HI Demonstrated Developed/Demonstrated METOC Technologies RH/T Profiles Wave Staff Sonic Anemometer Bulk Fit

CapabilitiesLocationWhen Models Developed Model and Sensing Development ONR/SPAWAR EOPACE, Moriah, Wallops, RED, others East, West coasts, Oahu, HI Demonstrated Developed/Demonstrated METOC Technologies RH/T Profiles Wave Staff Sonic Anemometer

CapabilitiesLocationWhen Developed Model and Sensing Development ONR/SPAWAR (EOPACE, Moriah, Wallops, RED, others) East, west coasts, Oahu, HI Demonstrated Combatant Craft Radar SignaturesDam Neck, VA; SCI, CA SEA STRIKE Aug 2002 June 2003 ESM VulnerabilitySCI, CA, FORCEnet Jul 2004 Networked Radar Threat and EO System Performance Surveillance Targeting Acquisition Network (STAN- 5 &-7) Tactical Network Topology (TNT) Camp Roberts. MRY Bay, FORCEnet SOCOM focused Feb 2004 Aug 2004 Mar 2005 Sep 2005 Denied area METOC collection/Network Trident Warrior/Silent Hammer SCI, CA, FORCEnet Oct 2004 Applications wrt Near-surface Sampling Buoy Data &Navy Propagation Measmnts San Diego Bay HEL program Dec Dec 2005 Developed/Demonstrated METOC Technologies for ISR Networked

Experiment Area & Measurement Points NPS Buoy 7.2 km pathIR Detector IR Source

NPS Buoy Deployments 1) 1 Dec 04 – 9 Mar 05 2) 17 Mar Jun 05 3) 9 Jun 05 – 25 Jul 05 4) 27 Jul 05 – 17 Oct 05 5)20 Oct 05 – ~15 Dec 05

Propagation Loss for Standard Atmosphere M increases with height Effects

Predicts atmospheric properties that affect radar propagation (modified refractivity profile) from basic met measurements NPS Evaporation Duct Model Measured parameters (WS, Tair, Tsea, RH) Evap Duct Height Radar waves bend down Radar waves bend up NPS Model computes profiles

Propagation Loss for Evaporation Duct Greatly Increased Detection Ranges Possible Duct Ht = 65 ft, 55 ft Duct Effects

Effects of Different Ducting Types on Radar Detection EVS Test Example, SCI, 17 July 2004

Propagation Loss for Surface-Based Duct Skip Zone Increased Detection Ranges Possible Top of Trapping Layer Duct

No Skip Zone Complex Interference Zone Sfc- Based Duct Evap Duct Propagation Loss for Evaporation & Surface-Based Ducts Effects

Rf Effects Field Tests with Propagation, Observed and Satellite/COAMPS Data Location / YearField Test / ExerciseCOAMPS Data Source 1) Wallops Island, VA, 2000 NAVSEA Spy-1 Radar Tests NAVSEA/ONR NRL-MRY (Burk) 2) Oahu, HI, 2001 RED EM/EO Tests ONR NRL-DC (Caffrey& Shi) 3) Dam Neck, VA, 2002 Combatant Craft Signature NSW NPS/MR Miller) 4) San Clemente Is, CA, 2004 Vulnerability Studies (EVS) JHU-APL/CSDS-12 NRL-MRY (Doyle) 5) San Clemente Is, CA, 2004 Silent Hammer Flt EX NETWARCOM/NSW NAWC (Eddington) 6) Port Everglades, FL 2005 Vulnerability Studies (LANTSECEX) CSDS-12 FNMOC (Keeter)

Electro-Optical Systems Forward Looking Infrared imagers, sensors (FLIR) Night Vision Goggles (NVG) TV systems Laser systems –Designator –Detector –Rangefinder OverviewComponentsVerificationOperations

Target Aquisition Weapons System (TAWS) Thesis topics

Goal of our Support Performance Prediction System to enable operators to exploit mission environment TAWS & IRTSS optimize mission effectiveness while minimizing threat exposure Approach axis & timing Optimum altitude Sensor cueing Thermal crossover Polarity Illumination (Wx -impacted) Dynamic imagery  Circular loop  Level approach Infrared Target Scene Simulation (IRTSS) Visualizations  Simulation of cockpit display  Situational awareness OverviewComponentsVerificationOperations

Components Sensor models NVTHERM CCDCAM FLIR 92 Developer updates Target / Background New targets Target optimization Background analysis Automated analysis –Seasonal variations –Satellite support Environment Atmospheric transmission Aerosols Turbulence

Verification –Types of analysis Detection Recognition Identification –Time series –Angle series –Solar effects Target/background thermal models –Cloud effects Cloud types Cloud density Cloud concentration OverviewComponentsVerificationOperations

Questions