BiochemistryBiochemistry Biology – Chapter 6 EOC Goal 2

Outline of Notes 1.Basic Chemistry – Review of atomic structure and composition of compounds 2.Biochemistry – Introduction to chemicals involved in biological processes – Comparison of biological macromolecules

Basic Chemistry

Atoms are the basic unit of matter. – Made of: Protons Neutrons Electrons

Basic Chemistry Elements are pure substances that are made of one type of atom. Chemical symbols are used to represent each atom. – Found on the Periodic Table

Basic Chemistry Compounds are combinations of 2 or more atoms. – Combination has different properties than the individual atoms – Chemical formula shows the number and type of atoms in a compound

Basic Chemistry Compounds are held together with chemical bonds. Types of Bonds: – Ionic Bonds Exchange electrons Called ions – Covalent Bonds Share electrons Called molecules

Quick Write 1.Name three particles all atoms have in common 2.Name two particles located in the nucleus of an atom. 3.Name one thing that would remain constant if electrons were taken away or added to an atom?

Basic Chemistry Acids, Bases, and pH – Acids  make hydrogen ion in water; are bitter to the taste Examples: lemon juice, vinegar, stomach acid – Bases  make hydroxide ion in water; are slippery to the touch Examples: soaps, Clorox, Pepto Bismol – pH Scale (0-14)  scale that measures acid and base – Buffer: used to maintain a certain pH neutral acidbasic

Compounds Important to Life Inorganic compounds: derived from nonliving things ex. Water (most import.) Organic Compounds: derived from living things and contains carbon ex. Sugar, fats

BiochemistryBiochemistry Study of the chemicals necessary for living things. Also called organic chemistry. – Involves the element carbon (C) in a covalent bond with Hydrogen

BiochemistryBiochemistry Six elements needed in large quantities for living things are: – Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur Elements needed in small quantities are called trace elements.

BiochemistryBiochemistry Terms to Know: – Monomer – the smallest unit of a substance Example: like one Lego block – Polymer – many monomers linked together to make a large structure; also called macromolecules Example: Lego blocks put together to make a Lego house

BiochemistryBiochemistry Types of Organic Molecules (Macromolecules) 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates (subunit: monosaccharides) Also called sugars and starches To test for the presence of each.. Sugar >Benedict’s Solution Starch >Iodine (Lugol’s Solution) Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Typically end in –ose (Example: glucose) Function: to store and release quick energy (but if not used, these are stored as fat)

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates One unit of sugar (monomer )  monosaccharide – Example: glucose, fructose Two units of sugar  Disaccharide – Example: sucrose, lactose Many units of sugars (polymer)  Polysaccharide

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Examples of Polysaccharides – Starch  sugars in plants – Glycogen  energy storage in animal muscle (makes muscle meat dark) – Cellulose  found in plant cell walls; animals can not digest (roughage) – Chitin  in insect exoskeletons

Lipids

Lipids (subunit: Fatty Acid) Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes To test for the presence of Lipids use… >Brown Paper Bag or Sudan III/IV Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a non- specific ratio (Example: C 21 H 17 O 43 ) Function: – Quick energy (twice as much as carbs) – Cell membranes – Insulation and Body padding

LipidsLipids Monomer  glycerol and 3 fatty acids

LipidsLipids Types of Lipids (Fats) – Saturated – bonds in molecule are unbendable; tend to clog arteries; typically from animals (fats, butter, lard) – Unsaturated – some bonds in molecule bend; better, but can still clog arteries; typically from plants (oils) – Polyunsaturated – many bonds in molecule bend; best type of fat to eat; typically from plants (oils)

Proteins

Proteins (subunit: amino acids) Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur To test for the presence of Proteins Proteins >Biuret Solution Monomer  amino acids Polymer  polypeptide Account for 50% of the dry weight of cells There are 20 common amino acids

ProteinsProteins Functions of Proteins – Cell movement – Fibers in bone, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage – Homeostasis regulation (hormones and enzymes) – Defense against disease (antibodies)

ProteinsProteins Enzymes are special proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body. Enzymes end in –ase ex. Catalase (breakdown hydrogen peroxide) (breaks into two new products)

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids (subunit: Nucleotide) Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur Function  control genetic information Monomer  Nucleotide Polymers  nucleic acid – DNA  deoxyribonucleic acid (genetic info.) – RNA  ribonucleic acid (directs protein building)

Nucleotides: Sugar, Phosphate, and Base

Macro- molecule SubunitExamplesFunction Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Starch, cellulose, glycogen, glucose Store and release energy Proteins Amino acids Enzymes, hemoglobin insulin Structure, metabolism Lipids Fatty acids & glycerol Fats, oils Long term energy storage, insulation Nucleic AcidsNucleotideDNA, RNA Store genetic information Make Protein

Test Used To Identify Carbohydrates Sugar > Benedict's Solution Starch >Iodine (Lugol’s Solution) Proteins > Biuret Solution Lipids > Brown Paper Bag (Spot test) or Sudan III