Effective Classroom Strategies1 Summarizing and Note Taking

Effective Classroom Strategies2 Classroom Instruction That Works Identifying similarities and differences Summarizing and note taking Reinforcing effort and providing recognition Homework and practice Nonlinguistic representations Cooperative learning Setting objectives and providing feedback Generating and testing hypotheses Questions, cues and organizers

Effective Classroom Strategies3 Following Best Practices oBased on current research ometa-analysis of 2,455 studies pertaining to instructional practices oIncludes latest knowledge, technology and procedures oResearch continues through McRel oSuccessful across student populations oApplies across content areas and grade levels

Effective Classroom Strategies4 Classroom Instruction That Works – Effect Size CategoryAve. Effect Size Percentile Gain # of Studies Identifying similarities and differences Summarizing and note taking Reinforcing effort and providing recognition Homework and practice Nonlinguistic representations Cooperative learning Setting objectives and providing feedback Generating and testing hypotheses Questions, cues and organizers

Effective Classroom Strategies5  Effect Size is a unit of measure used with meta-analysis that expresses the increase or decrease in student achievement  Cohen simplified the range of effect sizes Small: 0.20 to 0.49 Medium: 0.50 to 0.79 Large: 0.80 and above Classroom Instruction That Works Effect Size

Effective Classroom Strategies6 The Instructional Strategy Focus for the Day  Summarizing and Note taking (ES 1.00)

Effective Classroom Strategies7 Summarizing and Notetaking  Requires that students distill information into a concise, synthesized form and focus on important points.  Research emphasizes the importance of breaking down the process of summarizing into a structure that can be easily understood by students.  Verbatim note taking is the least effective note- taking technique  Students should be encouraged to revisit and revise their notes after initial recording them.  They should use different formats and make notes as complete as possible.

Effective Classroom Strategies8 Summarizing and Note Taking  Both require students to distill information into a concise, synthesized form.  Effective learners are able to sift through a great deal of information, identify what is important and then synthesize and restate the information.

Effective Classroom Strategies9 Summarizing

Effective Classroom Strategies10 Warm-up  Reflect on your current summarizing beliefs using page 59 in handbook

Effective Classroom Strategies11 Three modes of summarizing  Rule-based  Frames  Reciprocal Teaching

Effective Classroom Strategies12 Rule-Based Summarizing Steps for Rule-Based Summarizing 1.Delete trivial material that is unnecessary to understanding. 2.Delete redundant material. 3.Substitute super-ordinate terms for more specific terms (e.g., use fish for rainbow trout, salmon, and halibut). 4.Select a topic sentence or invent one if it is missing. Steps in Rule-Based Summarizing for Younger Students 1.Take out material that is not important to your understanding. 2.Take out words that repeat information 3.Replace a list of things with a word that describes the things in the list (e.g., use trees for elm, oak, and maple). 4.Find a topic sentence. If you cannot find a topic sentence, make one up.

Effective Classroom Strategies13 The word photography comes from the Greek word meaning “drawing with light”….Light is the most essential ingredient in photography. Nearly all forms of photography are based on the fact that certain chemicals are photosensitive- that is, they change in some way when exposed to light. Photosensitive materials abound in nature; plants that close their blooms at night are one example. The films used in photography depend on a limited number of chemical compounds that darken when exposed to light. The compounds most widely used today are called halogens (usually bromine, chlorine, or iodine. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia

Effective Classroom Strategies14 The word photography comes from the Greek word meaning “drawing with light”….Light is the most essential ingredient in photography. Nearly all forms of photography are based on the fact that certain chemicals are photosensitive- that is, they change in some way when exposed to light. Photosensitive materials abound in nature; plants that close their blooms at night are one example. The films used in photography depend on a limited number of chemical compounds that darken when exposed to light. The compounds most widely used today are called halogens (usually bromine, chlorine, or iodine. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia

Effective Classroom Strategies15 Research generalizations on summarizing Students must delete some information, substitute some information, and keep some information. To effectively delete, substitute, and keep information, students must analyze the information at a fairly deep level. Being aware of the explicit structure of information is an aid to summarizing information. Summary Frames

Effective Classroom Strategies16 Bats  Bats are fascinating animals. They have a very scary reputation, but are actually very useful to humans. An adult bat can eat 150 mosquitoes in fifteen minutes. Imagine how much worse or mosquito problem would be without the help of bats. They have a really unusual appearance. Bats look like birds but they are really mammals. There are 980 different types of bat. The little brown bat is the most common in the U.S. Some others are vampire bat, the endangered gray bat, and the flying fox bat. Bats are very unique in the animal kingdom.

Effective Classroom Strategies17 Rule Based Strategy Steps in Rule-Based Summarizing for Younger Students 1.Take out material that is not important to your understanding. 2.Take out words that repeat information 3.Replace a list of things with a word that describes the things in the list (e.g., use trees for elm, oak, and maple). 4.Find a topic sentence. If you cannot find a topic sentence, make one up.

Effective Classroom Strategies18 The Six Summary Frames Narrative Frame Topic-Restriction-Illustration Frame Definition Frame Argumentation Frame Problem/Solution Frame Conversation Frame

Effective Classroom Strategies19 Reciprocal Teaching  Summarizing: After students have silently or orally read a short section of a passage, a single student acting as a teacher summarizes what has been read. Other students may add to the summary. The teacher may assist students having difficulty summarizing.

Effective Classroom Strategies20 Questioning  The student leader asks some questions to which the class responds. The questions are designed to help students identify important information in the passage.

Effective Classroom Strategies21 Clarifying  Next, the student leader tries to clarify confusing points in the passage. He might point these out or ask other students to point them out.

Effective Classroom Strategies22 Predicting  The student leader asks for predictions about what will happen in the next segment of the text.

Effective Classroom Strategies23 Present new information in small chunks  Descriptions  Discussion  Predictions

Effective Classroom Strategies24 Independent Practice  Mobile Phone Radiation Wrecks Your Sleep

Effective Classroom Strategies25 A summary is … An essential condensation in your own words. Answers the question “what is the author really saying?” Is the result of careful “listening” to the author. Remains faithful to the author’s emphasis and interpretation. Does not disagree with or critique the author’s opinion.

Effective Classroom Strategies26 A summary is … 1)A summary is a comprehensive but brief statement of what has been stated previously in a longer form. 2)A summary is a wrap-up----a general picture of the information--- much like TV networks produce at the end of a year. 3)Summaries provide a quick overview of a subject without having the reader wade through a lot of facts and details. Summaries help readers and writers boil information down to its most basic elements. 4)Encyclopedias, almanacs, and digests provide good examples of summaries.

Effective Classroom Strategies27 Procedural Knowledge Summarizing is “procedural knowledge.” If students are expected to become proficient in procedural knowledge, they need to be able to “practice.” Mastering a skill or process requires a fair amount of focused practice. Practice sessions initially should be spaced very closely together. Over time, the intervals between sessions can be increased. Students also need feedback on their efforts. While practicing, students should adapt and shape what they have learned.

Effective Classroom Strategies28 A Rubric for Summarizing 4 The student identifies the main pattern running through the information along with minor patterns. 3 The student identifies the main pattern running through the information. 2 The student addresses some of the features of the main pattern running through the information but excludes some critical aspects. 1 The student does not address the main pattern running through the information. 0 Not enough information to make a judgment.

Effective Classroom Strategies29 Planning for Summarizing What specific information will students need to summarize?  film or video  chapter  lecture  story  article  event  other_______________ What strategy will I ask students to use?  Rule-based Summarizing Strategy  Summary Frames  Narrative or Story  TRI  Definition  Argumentation  Problem/Solution  Conversation  Group Enhanced Summary Strategy  Other ___________ What knowledge will students be learning? Do I need to set aside time to teach them the strategy? When and how? How much guidance will I provide them? How will I monitor how well students are doing?