Honors Biology Module 3 Kingdom Protista Part 2 September 26, 2013

Class Challenge Butterflies

Any questions about Homework

Quiz 5 Label the Euglena

Label the Paramecium

Matching 1. Symbiosis ________ 2. Mutualism_______ 3. Commensalism _____ 4. Parasitism_______ A.A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed. B.A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association. C.A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits. D.A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed or benefited.

Matching 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. A

Phylum Ciliophora Domain: EukaryaEukarya Kingdom: ChromalveolataChromalveolata Superphylum: AlveolataAlveolata Phylum: Ciliophora Contains protozoa that use cilia to move. These organisms are called ciliates

Phylum Sporozoa Contains protozoa that have no real means of locomotion. There are more than 3000 species in this phylum and they are all parasitic. The main characteristic of the sporozoa, is that they form spores at some point in their life. Spore: A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.

Like a cyst, a spore can survive for quite a while, even in unfavorable conditions. Sporozoa typically form from their spores as a result of a unique form of asexual reproduction. Figure 3.9

In this form of reproduction, the nucleus divides while still inside the cell. This may happen several times, resulting in several different nuclei in one cell. Cytoplasm concentrates around each nucleus, and hard shells form around the cytoplasm. This makes several spores.

Plasmodium Creates very deadly sporozoa. These parasites cause malaria. It is spread by mosquitoes, Figure 3.10

Plasmodium Must form spores while they are in the mosquito, because the salivary glands do not provide a habitat that is suitable for their survival. Once inside the infected human, conditions are ideal for the Plasmodium, so reproduction does not require the formation of spores.

When a female mosquito bites an infected human and becomes infected herself, the Plasmodium must once again form spores in order to survive until they can be injected into another human. This is why Plasmodium sometimes engage in reproduction that forms spores and sometimes engage in reproduction that does not. Alternative Generations : different generations alternate between spore formation and other modes of reproduction.

Marty’s videos

Toxoplasma Gondii These organisms live in the intestines of mammals (such as cats) and reproduce there sexually. Although they do no harm to cats themselves, but their feces will spread their spores. How do they spread?

When they infect a human, they reproduce asexually, causing disease toxoplamosis. This disease causes severe birth defects in pregnant woman, which is why doctors tell pregnant women that they should never empty litter boxes or otherwise clean up after cats. Marty’s video: Toxoplamosis

Subkingdom Algae The glass of the water. Algae can produce their own food. How do they do that?

Photosynthesis Think about your fish tank or swimming pool. Have you seen “green stuff” growing in it. That is algae. If you are in salt water or fresh water there lots of algae growing. The “fishy smell” or the “slimy water” is not from the fish in the water, but the algae floating in it.

In any natural body of water, there are tiny floating organisms called plankton that float in the water. They can be separated into two groups: 1.Zooplankton – tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa. 2.Phytoplankton- tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae.

Phytoplankton are ….. Photosynthetic organisms that use the energy of the sun to make their own food. Oxygen is often the byproduct of photosynthesis. This process replenishes the oxygen that we need to survive. The earth will not run out of oxygen, because photosynthetic organisms are constantly making more.

Green plants Most people think green plants are responsible for making the most oxygen, however it is mostly done my phytoplankton. ¾ of all of the oxygen on earth is replenished by phytoplankton. What does you book say if all of the trees and grass on earth were destroyed? Would we have enough oxygen to survive?

Algae’s Importance 1.Oxygen production 2.Major food source for many aquatic organisms. 3. Name other uses for algae…

Algae Most algae exist as individual cells, but most form simple colonies that are held together with slime. Thallus (thalli): The body of a plant-like organisms that is not divided into leaves, roots or stems. These colonies often function like a big plant.

Algae Reproduction Uses both sexual and asexual reproduction. That is why they are so abundant in aquatic environments. When conditions are right, algae will reproduce so rapidly that they essentially take over their habitat, making the water appear the same color as the algae themselves. This is called an algae Bloom.

Chlorophyta Mostly found in fresh water, but marine species do exist. They contain chlorophyll, which is green and are referred as green algae. Remember the Euglena that had chlorophyll in organelles called chloroplasts. Chlorophyta have yellowish pigments called carotenoids making them yellowish green.

Chlorophyta Have cell walls made of cellulose. Cellulose is a substance (made of sugars) that is common in cell walls of many organisms. The cells that make up plants usually have walls made of cellulose. Since green algae have cell walls similar to plants and chlorophyll like most plants, some scientists actually consider them plants and place them into the kingdom Plantae. Most biological classification schemes tend to place them in kingdom Protista because they are microscopic and tend to exist as individual cells or in simple colonies.

Chrysophyta This phylum contains more than 1000 different species which are collectively referred to as diatoms. These are unique because their cell walls are made up of silicon dioxide, which is the principal component of glass. This makes their cell walls very hard and will remain after the cell dies. Diatomaceous earth or diatomite

Diatoms How to they benefit people? Pest Control Abrasives Filtration Indicator Species: Diatoms flourish in water all over the world. Some species can be used as an indicator species. Indicator species are used by scientists to determine if an ecosystem is thriving. With diatoms, a scientist takes a sample of water and examines it under a microscope to see how many of a certain species of diatom are present. If the water has many instances of that species, it indicates that the ecosystem is healthy, but if there are few instances, there is something wrong.

Dynobryon Is an algae that form colonies. These colonies attach to objects with a holdfast which is designed to keep the colony in place. These holdfasts form long strands that attach to a surface in the water (think rock), acting like an anchor. When they are not free floating they are referred to as a Sessile Colony.

Pyrrophyta Are single celled creatures that are referred to as dinoflagellates. Figure 3.13 (page 88) 1. They have two flagella. 2. Some are heterotrophic, 3. Some are photosynthetic. 4. Most are found in marine waters. 5. Cells are composed of cellulose 6.Important food source for aquatic organisms. 7.Bloom in nutrient rich waters and produce a reddish-brown color and turns the water red. Red Tide.`

Phaeophyta These are multicellular organisms that inhabit cold water. A single celled-organism can exist on its own. Although cells group together for mutual protection and other benefits, they can exist on their own. In Phaeophyta, individual cells are designed to specialize in individual tasks. The cells work together for the benefit and survival of the whole organisms. If a single cell separates, it would not live on its own. Brown Algae, Kelp, rock weed. Air bladders

Rhodophyta Also known as red algae. It is many times confused with dinoflagellates that cause Red Tide. They are multicelluar.

Experiment 3.2 Subkingdom Protozoa Experiment 3.3 Subkingdom Algae

Homework 1.Answer OYO question 3.7 – Answer Study Guide definitions: p-w and Finish experiments 3.2 and 3.3 in Lab book. 4.Take Module 3 Test 5.Begin reading Module 4 pages Class Challenge: Who can do the most Sit-ups in one minute 7.Quiz: Red Tide/Dinoflagellages vs. Diatom Label