Fig

Fig a Precambrian Common ancestor to all present-day life Origin of Earth Earth cool enough for crust to solidify Oldest prokaryotic fossils Atmospheric oxygen begins to appear due to photosynthetic prokaryotes Millions of years ago 4,5004,0003,5003,0002,500

Fig b PaleozoicMesozoicCenozoic Bacteria Archaea Plants Fungi Animals Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Protists Oldest eukaryotic fossils Origin of multicellular organisms Oldest animal fossils Plants and symbiotic fungi colonize land Extinction of dinosaurs First humans Millions of years ago Cambrian explosion 2,0001,5001,

Fig Humans Origin of solar system and Earth Pre sent Animals Coloniz of land ation Multi eukar cellular yotes Sing eukar cel yotes le- led Atmo oxy sphe ric gen Bil ars ons of ago ye li kary otes Pro

Fig

Fig Stanley Miller re-creating his 1953 experiment Miller and Urey’s experiment “Sea” H2OH2O Sample for chemical analysis Cooled water containing organic molecules Cold water Condenser Electrode “Atmosphere” Water vapor CH 4 NH 3 H2H2

Fig a Stanley Miller re-creating his 1953 experiment

Fig b Miller and Urey’s experiment “Sea” H2OH2O Sample for chemical analysis Cooled water containing organic molecules Cold water Condenser Water vapor CH 4 NH 3 H2H2 Electrode “Atmosphere”

Fig Original “gene” Complementary RNA chain

Fig

Fig Colorized SEM

Fig SHAPES OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS Spherical (cocci)Rod-shaped (bacilli)Spiral Colorized SEM Colorized TEM

Fig a Colorized SEM

Fig b Colorized SEM

Fig c Colorized TEM

Fig (a) Actinomycete(b) Cyanobacteria(c) Giant bacterium Colorized SEM LM

Fig a (a) Actinomycete Colorized SEM

Fig b (b) Cyanobacteria LM

Fig c (c) Giant bacterium LM

Fig Plasma membrane Cell wall Rotary movement of each flagellum Flagellum Colorized TEM

Fig Endospore Colorized SEM

Fig MODES OF NUTRITION Light Chemical Chemoautotrophs Photoautotrophs Photoheterotrophs Chemoheterotrophs Energy source Elodea, an aquatic plant Rhodopseudomonas Little Owl (Athene noctua) Bacteria from a hot spring Organic compounds Carbon source CO 2 Colorized TEM

Fig a

Fig b Colorized TEM

Fig c Colorized TEM

Fig d

Fig (a) Salt-loving archaea(b) Heat-loving archaea

Fig a (a) Salt-loving archaea

Fig b (b) Heat-loving archaea

Fig Haemophilus influenzae Cells of nasal lining Colorized SEM

Fig “Bull’s-eye” rash Tick that carries the Lyme disease bacterium Spirochete that causes Lyme disease SEM

Fig a “Bull’s-eye” rash

Fig b Tick that carries the Lyme disease bacterium

Fig c

Fig d Spirochete that causes Lyme disease SEM

Fig

Fig Liquid wastes Outflow Rotating spray arm Rock bed coated with aerobic prokaryotes and fungi

Fig

Fig

Fig (a) Origin of the endomembrane system(b) Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts Plasma membrane Ancestral prokaryote DNA Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Membrane infolding Nucleus Nuclear envelope Cell with nucleus and endomembrane system Photosynthetic eukaryotic cell Photosynthetic prokaryote Aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote Endosymbiosis (Some cells) Mitochondrion Chloroplast

Fig a (a) Origin of the endomembrane system Plasma membrane Ancestral prokaryote DNA Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Membrane infolding Nucleus Nuclear envelope Cell with nucleus and endomembrane system

Fig b (b) Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts Photosynthetic eukaryotic cell Photosynthetic prokaryote Aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote Endosymbiosis (Some cells) Mitochondrion Chloroplast

Fig A flagellate: Giardia A foramAn apicomplexan A ciliate An amoeba Another flagellate: trypanosomes Food being ingested Pseudopodium of amoeba Red blood cell LM TEM LM Colorized SEM Apical complex Cilia Oral groove

Fig a A flagellate: Giardia Colorized SEM

Fig b Another flagellate: trypanosomes Colorized SEM

Fig c An amoeba LM

Fig d A foram LM

Fig e An apicomplexan TEM

Fig f A ciliate LM

Fig

Fig LM Amoeboid cells Slug-like colony Reproductive structure

Fig a LM

Fig b

Fig c

Fig (a) A dinoflagellate, with its wall of protective plates (c) Chlamydomonas, a unicellular green alga with a pair of flagella (b) A sample of diverse diatoms, which have glossy walls (d) Volvox, a colonial green alga Colorized SEM SEM LM

Fig a (a) A dinoflagellate, with its wall of protective plates SEM

Fig b (b) A sample of diverse diatoms, which have glossy walls LM

Fig c (c) Chlamydomonas, a unicellular green alga with a pair of flagella Colorized SEM

Fig d (d) Volvox, a colonial green alga LM

Fig Green algaeRed algaeBrown algae

Fig a Green algae

Fig b Red algae

Fig c Brown algae

Fig Unicellular protist Colony

Fig Unicellular protist Colony Locomotor cells Food-synthesizing cells Early multicellular organism with specialized, interdependent cells

Fig Unicellular protist Colony Locomotor cells Food-synthesizing cells Early multicellular organism with specialized, interdependent cells Later organism with gametes and somatic cells Somatic cells Gamete

Fig. 15-UN01 Bacteria Archaea Prokaryotes Eukarya Protists Plants Fungi Animals

Fig. 15-UN02 Bacteria Archaea Prokaryotes Eukarya Protists Plants Fungi Animals

Fig. 15-UN03 Major episodeMillions of years ago All major animal phyla established Plants and fungi colonize land Origin of Earth First multicellular organisms Oldest eukaryotic fossils Accumulation of O 2 in atmosphere Oldest prokaryotic fossils ,200 1,800 2,400 3,500 4,600

Fig. 15-UN04 Inorganic compounds Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers Abiotic synthesis of polymers Formation of pre-cells Self-replicating molecules Membrane-enclosed compartment Complementary chain Polymer Organic monomers

Fig. 15-UN05 SphericalRod-shapedSpiral

Fig. 15-UN06 Nutritional ModeEnergy SourceCarbon Source Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph Photoheterotroph Chemoheterotroph Sunlight Inorganic chemicals Sunlight Organic compounds CO 2 Organic compounds

Fig. 15-UN07 Bacteria Archaea Prokaryotes Eukarya Protists Plants Fungi Animals

Fig. 15-UN08 Bacteria Archaea Prokaryotes Eukarya Protists Plants Fungi Animals