© NERC All rights reserved Organic Sewage Tracers Sterols are components of cells & are synthesized by most organisms In humans cholesterol is biohydrogenated.

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© NERC All rights reserved Organic Sewage Tracers Sterols are components of cells & are synthesized by most organisms In humans cholesterol is biohydrogenated by intestinal microflora to 5  cholestrol Other animals also produce 5  cholestrol but at much lower concentrations Herbiverous animals produce 24-ethyl coprostanol in greater concentrations Sterol structure

© NERC All rights reserved Assessment of Faecal Contamination Using Sterol Molecular Markers Attenborough Ponds Nature: Long Term Effects of River Diversion

© NERC All rights reserved Conneries dating 1986 ? 1963 ?

© NERC All rights reserved TOC vs Sterol Concentration

© NERC All rights reserved Identification of Sewage Markers Target mix TIC m/z = 333 Cholesterol-d6 m/z = 231 Coprostan-3-one m/z = 329 Cholesterol Resolving co-elution Sediment Sample coprostanol m/z 333 m/z 231 m/z 329 estrone  estradiol 5  - cholestane coprostanol 5  -epicoprostanol 5  - cholestanol campesterol stigmasterol fucosterol +  sitosterol 5  -stigmastanol Environment & Human Health Theme

© NERC All rights reserved Ten of eleven sewage marker compounds were identified in the Attenborough cores 5  -cholestane not detected

© NERC All rights reserved Sterol & Stanol Marker Pathways Intestinal (5  ) Environmental (5  )

© NERC All rights reserved 1. Sitosterol: Clifton and Church = Input from plants & or avian FM 2. Stigmastanol: Conneries = Input from ruminants / manure, slurry ? 3. Coprostanol: Concs. >0.5ug/g = received appreciable amounts of sewage 1 2 3

© NERC All rights reserved

1. Coprostanol/Cholesterol: human sewage >0.2 criteria= Only Conneries 2. Coprostanol/(Coprostanol+Cholestanol) human sewage >0.7= Conneries 3. Epicoprostanol/coprostanol:treatment or age in environ. =Church & Clifton little sewage or high degree of treatment

© NERC All rights reserved Low sewage, old or treated High sewage, untreated Bi-plot of sewage marker compounds

© NERC All rights reserved

Ratio 5  Cholestanol/Cholesterol:anaerobic process marker Conneries possible more reducing environ at 20 to 50 cm ?

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