World War I

4 Causes Nationalism Nationalism Militarism Militarism Imperialism Imperialism Alliance System Alliance System Triple Entente/Allies Triple Entente/Allies Triple Alliances/ Central Powers Triple Alliances/ Central Powers

War! June 1914 assassinated of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian (wanted independent Serbia) June 1914 assassinated of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian (wanted independent Serbia) Austria-Hungary gives Serbia ultimatum and a month to meet requirements= impossible! (July 1914) Austria-Hungary gives Serbia ultimatum and a month to meet requirements= impossible! (July 1914) A-H-> Germany A-H-> Germany Serbia-> Russia-> GB-> France Serbia-> Russia-> GB-> France

America Divided! Traditions- US doesn’t choose sides in Europe Traditions- US doesn’t choose sides in Europe Wilson immediately issues statement on neutrality Wilson immediately issues statement on neutrality What about the people? What about the people? New immigrants New immigrants Socialists & pacifists Socialists & pacifists Tie with British Tie with British

Trying trying trying to stay neutral… British & German blockades on each other British & German blockades on each other G- “war zone” & risk of mtg. submarine G- “war zone” & risk of mtg. submarine Wilson wants American ships to have safe passage Wilson wants American ships to have safe passage Lusitania sunk on May 1915 Lusitania sunk on May Americans dead 128 Americans dead Wilson warns German Kaiser.. Wilson warns German Kaiser..

Lusitania Naval/Lusitania_01.htm

Other problems in the sea... Arabic sunk in March Americans dead Arabic sunk in March Americans dead Wilson wants a pledge from Germany- ships must be warned Wilson wants a pledge from Germany- ships must be warned Sussex sunk in March 1916 Sussex sunk in March 1916 Wilson threatens to cut off relations- Kaiser backs down Wilson threatens to cut off relations- Kaiser backs down

American Politics During war, politicians divided over the issue During war, politicians divided over the issue Many call for entry (Teddy) while others oppose the war Many call for entry (Teddy) while others oppose the war Election 1816 Election 1816 Wilson runs on campaign “He kept us out of war” Wilson runs on campaign “He kept us out of war” Teddy leaves Progressive Party- dead now Teddy leaves Progressive Party- dead now

Closer to war 1917 Germany resumes unrestricted warfare 1917 Germany resumes unrestricted warfare Hoping to win before the US enters Hoping to win before the US enters Zimmerman letter Zimmerman letter Sent to MX March 1917 Sent to MX March 1917 German Foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman wants MX help in return for help to regain lost lands to the US German Foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman wants MX help in return for help to regain lost lands to the US Russia! Russia! Wilson worried that an Ally is a Czar Wilson worried that an Ally is a Czar 1917 czar overthrown 1917 czar overthrown

WAR! April 2, 1917 US officially announces entry into war April 2, 1917 US officially announces entry into war “the world must be safe for democracy” “the world must be safe for democracy” Wilson Wilson sets/jb/reform/jb_reform_wilson_1 _e.jpg

US enters... Why? Sinking of ships Sinking of ships Zimmerman letter Zimmerman letter Economics!! Economics!! Send supplies to Allies= making $$ Send supplies to Allies= making $$ American bankers loaning $$ to Allies American bankers loaning $$ to Allies id=5731

Preparing for war 1 st - send supplies while troops train 1 st - send supplies while troops train Raise $$ ($33 billion by loans & taxes) Raise $$ ($33 billion by loans & taxes) Men volunteer Men volunteer Est. a draft Est. a draft Selective Service Act (1917)- 2.8 called by lottery Selective Service Act (1917)- 2.8 called by lottery 400K blacks serve... Equality?? 400K blacks serve... Equality??

Role of regular Americans Industry focused on war supplies Industry focused on war supplies Wages increase for workers Wages increase for workers Good relations with Unions Good relations with Unions Women working Women working Food conservation Food conservation Save coal Save coal Increase in Mexican immigrants Increase in Mexican immigrants Blacks move north- Great Migration Blacks move north- Great Migration Civil liberties limited Civil liberties limited Espionage & Sedition Acts Espionage & Sedition Acts Schenck v. United States Schenck v. United States

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Women Working worldwar.com/f eatures/women ww1_intro.htm

Fighting in Europe Now fighting since late summer 1914 Now fighting since late summer 1914 Russia out... Germans focused on the Western Front Russia out... Germans focused on the Western Front Kaiser hoping to defeat Allies before the Americans could send men Kaiser hoping to defeat Allies before the Americans could send men Video! Video! Video!

War Issues Trench warfare Trench warfare Problems: Problems: Poor sanitation, rodents & disease Poor sanitation, rodents & disease Poison gas & shell shock Poison gas & shell shock Trench foot Trench foot rldwar.com/photos/ trenches.htm

American contributions Intense ship building (U-boats) Intense ship building (U-boats) Men eager for war Men eager for war Bring fresh faces Bring fresh faces American Expeditionary Force American Expeditionary Force John J. Pershing John J. Pershing Goals: Goals: Plug in at weak spots Plug in at weak spots 1918 controlling parts of western front 1918 controlling parts of western front

Summer/ Fall 1918 Battles at Chateau-Thierry & Belleau Wood Battles at Chateau-Thierry & Belleau Wood Late summer/early fall Late summer/early fall Pushing German forces back towards the border Pushing German forces back towards the border Nov. 3 rd A-H surrenders Nov. 3 rd A-H surrenders Nov. 9 th Kaiser abdicates the throne Nov. 9 th Kaiser abdicates the throne Nov. 11 th armistice signed Nov. 11 th armistice signed

Making Peace Wilson develops the 14 Points Wilson develops the 14 Points 14 th point calls for the establishment of a League of Nations 14 th point calls for the establishment of a League of Nations Big 4 meet at Versailles Big 4 meet at Versailles Georges Clemenceau Georges Clemenceau David Lloyd George David Lloyd George Vittorio Orlando Vittorio Orlando Wilson Wilson

Meeting No Russia or Central Powers No Russia or Central Powers Big 4 make all decisions Big 4 make all decisions Europeans want Germany to suffer Europeans want Germany to suffer Most of 14 Points out, so Wilson gains League Most of 14 Points out, so Wilson gains League

Treaty Signed June 1919 Signed June 1919 Hope for peace Hope for peace New nations- Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia New nations- Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia Ottoman Empire gone- divided into mandates that GB & France control Ottoman Empire gone- divided into mandates that GB & France control Palestine Palestine Germany Germany no army no army Return Alsace-Lorraine to France Return Alsace-Lorraine to France Pay $33 billion to Allies Pay $33 billion to Allies

New Countries u/Holocaust/MA PS/map003.htm

Problems with the treaty WAR-GUILT CLAUSE WAR-GUILT CLAUSE Germany loses colonies Germany loses colonies Struggle to pay back debt- leads to inflation Struggle to pay back debt- leads to inflation Russia (now SV) loses territory Russia (now SV) loses territory People demanding self-determination throughout the world- mostly ignored People demanding self-determination throughout the world- mostly ignored

Wilson back in the US Anti-Treaty Anti-Treaty Thought it was too harsh Thought it was too harsh Wilson out of his boundaries= League of Nations Wilson out of his boundaries= League of Nations Threatens policy of isolationism Threatens policy of isolationism Afraid Congress will lose right to declare war Afraid Congress will lose right to declare war Wilson refuses to compromise!!! Wilson refuses to compromise!!!

US Senate Henry Cabot Lodge Henry Cabot Lodge Worried the League would pull US into other’s affairs Worried the League would pull US into other’s affairs Tries to limit how the US will participate in League- denied by Congress Tries to limit how the US will participate in League- denied by Congress /nfgal2.html

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WWI Memories US wants to return to “normalcy” US wants to return to “normalcy” Brings about major change for women & blacks Brings about major change for women & blacks US isolates themselves US isolates themselves Trouble in world Trouble in world Communist gov’t Communist gov’t unstable gov’ts unstable gov’ts bitterness bitterness