BRAZIL Struggle for Unity, Economic Modernization and Upward International Mobility: BRAZIL Struggle for Unity, Economic Modernization and Upward International Mobility:

Regions of Brazil

REGIONS I The heartland (Southeast - 42% population, 60%GDP, 11% area) The south (15% population, 17% GDP, 7% area) The center-west ( 8% population, 6% GDP, 25% area)

Regions of Brazil

REGIONS II the north (6% population, 3% GDP, 40% area) the northeast (29% population, 13% GDP 18% area)

PEOPLE Amerindians Portuguese African-Brazilians Japanese Other Europeans ◦ Spanish ◦ Germans ◦ Italians

Road to INDEPENDENCE (1808 – 1824) Portuguese Court taken by British fleet to Rio de Janeiro Centralization under Joao VI End of the Napoleonic Wars British aid Brazilian Independence

Empire ( ) ◦ Primacy of British Economic Influence ◦ Plantation Economy  Coffee  Cacao  Sugar ◦ Issue of Slavery ◦ French Orientation of Royal Court ◦ Conspiracy of the Fazenderos

First Republic Decentralization The Coffee Economy ◦ Shift to São Paulo ◦ Reinvestment of profits from coffee Dominant States ◦ São Paulo ◦ Minas Gerias ◦ Rio Grande do Sul

Rise of Getúlio Vargas The revolution of 1930 São Paulo revolt ( ) O Estado Novo ( ) ◦ Populist ◦ Military support at the beginning

Brazilian Participation in World War II leads to downfall of Vargas Brazilian army fights in the Italian Theatre Initial performance discredits Vargas with the armed forces s Returning military overthrows Vargas Beginning of alienation between United States and the Brazilian left

Second Republic: Democracy Frustrated ( ) Constitution of 1946 ◦ Modeled on U.S. constitution ◦ Structure so as not to threaten the large land owners of the Northeast Political Parties ◦ UND ◦ PSD ◦ PTB ◦ Regional - local parties

Second Republic: Vargas Returns ( ) Vargas: “The Last Hurrah” Vargas wins as candidate of PTB ◦ Military officer corps remains suspicious ◦ Efforts to advance social revolution frightens the middle class ◦ Military exercises its “Mediating power”

Juscelino Kubitscheck Builds Brasilia – 800 miles from the coast

Brasilia: Modern Latin American Capital City

Janio Quadros President: 31 January August January August January August 1961 Reform governor of São Paulo First “UDN candidate” to be elected president Resignation after less than one year i office ◦ Surprises the military ◦ Frustrates UDN ◦ Weakens the democratic regime

João Goulart in power ) ◦ Temporary switch to parliamentary system ◦ Goulart assumes full power (1962) ◦ Efforts to create a pro-Vargas majority  Courting peasants in the Northeast  Strengthing labor-based infrastructure of the PTB  Courting the urban poor  Anti-American nationalism

End of the Second Republic Pressures for Military Intervention ◦ Conflictual social polarization ◦ Middle class fears of workers ◦ Attempt to divide the military along officer – enlisted lines ◦ Role of the United States government

Coup of April 1, 1964  Humberto Castelo Branco assumes power  Military demobilizes potential opponents ◦ President Goulart flees to Uruguay ◦ Key elected officials of PTB removed from office  Demobilization portrayed as temporary