Part 1: masculine and feminine nouns of the 1 st, 2 nd, and 3 rd declension Noun – Adjective agreement

1 st declension recap Remember that we know 3CASES in singular and plural Nominative – subject of the sentence Dative—indirect object (to/for) Accusative—direct object Nom. puellapuellae Dat. puellaepuell īs Acc. puellampuell ās

2 nd declension recap We have the same three cases: Nomservusserv ī Datservoserv ī s Acc servumservos But there are a few oddballs whose nom. sing. form will simply end in -er: Nompuerpuer ī Datpueropuer īs Accpuerumpueros

3 rd declension Remember these are the super weird ones with many patterns at first, but they all fall in line: Nom mercator mercatores Dat mercatorismercatoribus Acc mercatorem mercatores _____________________________________ Nomsenex senes Datsenissenibus Acc senemsenes

3 rd declension, cont. Nomcaniscanes Datcanicanibus Acccanemcanes _____________________________________ Nom rexreges Datregiregibus Accregemreges _____________________________________ Nom matermatres Dat matrimatribus Acc matremmatres

Adjectives “Describers” or words that describe nouns. Examples: Happylaetus, a, um Angryiratus, a, um Largemagnus, a, um Beautifulpulcher, pulchra, pulchrum In Latin, these words have to MATCH the word they describe in THREE ways: Number Case Gender

Number If the noun is singular, then the adjective describing it needs to be singular, too. Ex: servus iratus (the angry slave) What would be wrong with writing servus irati? It works the same way if the noun is PLURAL: ancillae pulchrae (the pretty slavegirls)

Case If I want to say this: I see an angry slave, which case is slave? Sense “angry” is describing the slave, which case does it need to be? Servum iratum If I want to say “I bought a present for the good girls” which would it be: puellis _______ Bonae Bonis Bonas So remember; if the word you are describing is nominative, the adjective will also be nominative; if it’s dative, the adjective will be ________, and if it’s accusative, the adj. will be _________

Gender –here’s the tricky one If you are describing something masculine, you need a masculine ending on your adjective. Servos iratos; Rex bonus; Canes magni If you are describing something FEMININE, you need a feminine ending on your adjective: Feminae laetae; Amphora magna; Villam magnificam Do you notice anything weird? What do amphora and villa mean? Are these things feminine in English? In Latin GENDER IS GRAMMATICAL, not just natural So words that are neither masculine or feminine in English COULD be masculine or feminine in Latin

Some oddball gendered nouns Some unexpected feminine nouns: Culina -kitchen Epistula-letter Flamma-flame Villa-house Via-street Area-courtyard Aula-palace Cena-dinner Pecunia –money NOTICE the PATTERN?

Cont. Oddball masculine nouns Hortus-garden Cibus –food Gladius-sword Anulus –ring Notice a pattern here? MOST nominative singular words that end in –a are FEMININE; MOST nom. sing. words that end in –us are MASCULINE

What’s life without some exceptions… PROFESSIONS that end in –a are MASCULINE Poeta-poet Agricola-farmer Nauta-sailor So if you wanted to say “good poet,” you would say poeta____ Bona bonus Third declension nouns have weird nominative singulars, so you cant rely on –a or –us for help… Iuvenis (m.) young man Mater (f.) mother

Genders of some 3 rd declension nouns Iudex –judge (m) Mons –mountain (m) Nubes –cloud (f) Navis—ship (f) So what can YOU do to tell whether a noun is masculine or feminine? USE THE BOOK! In the back of the blue book there will be a –m. for masculine nouns and an –f. for feminine nouns