STDs & STIs Ms. Markowski Texas Woman’s University

What do you know? 1. What is a STI? 2. List any STIs you can think of: 3. What symptoms do people with STIs have? 4. How do people get a STI? 5. Who gets a STI? 6. How can people know if they have a STI? 7. How can people avoid or prevent STIs?

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Teen Statistics STIs and STDs have been used interchangeably (I = infection, D = disease) Teens and young adults are more likely than other age groups to have multiple sex partners and to engage in unprotected sex (SIECUS, 2005). Rate of new infections for Herpes and HPV is highest during the late teens and early twenties 50% of young people will become infected with an STI by the time they reach age % of ALL sexually active men and women will get either herpes or HPV infections in their lifetime

How can we PREVENT STIs? 1. Abstinence 2. Get Tested (how often?) 3. Be monogamous 4. Use Condoms (barrier) EVERY TIME!

Bacterial v. Viral STDs Bacterial: Living ANTIBIOTICS treat it Examples Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphilis Virus: Non-living NO CURE, but vaccines for HPV & Hepatitis Examples: HPV (genital warts) HIV (AIDS) Herpes Hepatitis B

Chlamydia & Gonorrhea Most common STIs Bacterial Infection, so re-infection is likely Symptoms: few, commonly no symptoms burning sensation with urination discharge from vagina/penis Chlamydia = whitish Gonorrhea = greenish Transmission: Contact with semen, vaginal fluid, anus or mouth; rarely through vaginal childbirth and appears as blindness, meningitis or death Treatment: antibiotics

9 Gonorrhea vs.Chlamydia Drips Source: Florida STD/HIV Prevention Training Center

Syphilis Bacterial Infection that has 3 distinct stages Symptoms: 1. Primary Stage: Chancre at entry site 2. Secondary Stage: Skin rash 3. Latent Stage: “Hidden Stage” Rash/chancre disappear Can cause severe brain/joint disease Blindness, psychosis or death Transmission: Contact with semen, vaginal fluid, anus or mouth; rarely through vaginal childbirth and appears as blindness, meningitis or death Treatment: Antibiotics

Syphilis

Yeast infections Overgrowth of yeast normally living in mouth, vagina, & around scrotum. (bacteria are normal too) Redness, burning, Itching, thick white or yellow discharge, sore/itchy around area of infection This is a YEAST INFECTION (jock itch, too) Causes: usually STRESS, sweaty workout wear, damp bathing suit, scented tp or pads, use of antibiotics, or rarely, sex with certain partners (change acidity of vagina) Treatment : Antifungal medications

Pubic Lice Parasitic infection Found on pubic hair, including legs, armpit, mustache, beard, or eyebrows also Symptoms: itching, redness, visible lice Transmission: Contact with other’s pubic hair or Contact with infected bedding/ towels, or clothes Treatment: Lice-killing shampoo, wash all clothes, bedding, towels

Human Papilloma Virus Viral Infection Symptoms: Generally no symptoms, some strains cause warts on hand, mouth, genitals or cervical cancer Transmission: Contact with penis, vagina, anus, or mouth Treatment: none or remove visible WARTS: Cryo or Laser Therapy **Guardasil is a vaccine to prevent but not treat HPV

15 HPV Penile Warts Source: Cincinnati STD/HIV Prevention Training Center HPV and Cervical Cancer

16 HPV Cervical Warts & Thigh Source: Cincinnati STD/HIV Prevention Training Center HPV and Cervical Cancer

Genital Herpes Viral infection caused by herpes simplex I or II infections Symptoms: - sores or blisters on or around genitals/rectum, flu-like symptoms, fever, swollen glands - sores come and go for the rest of your life, especially with stress and last from 2 days to 4 weeks Transmission: Contact with semen, vaginal fluid, anus or mouth/saliva Can spread without visible sore Transmits oral—genital or vice-versa Sharing chapsticks, drinks, toothbrushes, etc Treatment: Anti-viral meds help symptoms but do NOT cure it

Herpes On skin In mouth and eyes

19 Genital Herpes Simplex in Females Sores Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) infection of a woman's pelvic organs including uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix and vagina Caused from Bacteria found in two common (STIs) gonorrhea and chlamydiaBacteria(STIs)gonorrheachlamydia Symptoms include: none, mild to severe pain in abdomen, pain with sex, fever, irregular periods Commonly causes sterility if left untreated! Risk factors: Have had an STI (especially if left untreated for 3+ months) Being under 25 and having sex Having more than one sex partner Using douches can push bacteria into the womb, ovaries, and tubes, causing infection.

PID

HIV & AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome Transmitted through 4 fluids: 1. vaginal secretions, 2. semen 3. blood 4. breast milk 1. Does NOT transmit through air or surfaces HIV targets T helper cells of the Immune System

Immune T Cells Attacked! Function of T Cells: - Recognize diseases (virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite, etc) and initiate an immune attack - Destruction of T-cells will make an immune response less and less effective and increase vulnerability to sickness over time

HIV to AIDS Diagnosis When T Helper Cell count lowers to below 200, a person is considered to have AIDS. (normal: 1,000)‏ OR Having 1 or more opportunistic infections - such as pneumonia, flu, cold, cancer Time for transition to AIDS diagnosis varies by person and access to Rx drugs: 5%: die after 3 yrs 20%: 5 years 50%: 10 years 12%: 20 years (this is as much as we know since mid-80s)

HIV/AIDS Treatment Determining HIV Status: Most accurate about 3 months after suspected exposure for accuracy - it takes time to HIV to target, reproduce and kill enough T helper cells to show up in blood work Currently 4 different classes of Rx drugs to reduce HIV: Anti-retrovirals Recommend 3 or more meds from at least 2 different classes to interrupt virus replication Called a “Drug Cocktail” If don’t stick to them, it will cause HIV resistance

HIV/AIDS

Historical Perspective : HIV spreads from monkeys to humans? In 1981, cases of a rare cancer began affecting young healthy gay men in NY and San Francisco (700 deaths in first year)‏ 1982: GRID immerges as name; then later changed to “4H label” 1987: 150,000 cases of HIV worldwide (40,000 deaths) 1990: 1 million living with HIV/AIDS worldwide 2000: 21 million have died, 30 million currently living with virus To Date: At least 30 million people have died of AIDS 40 million living with the virus 16,000 new infections every day 110 new infections in US every day 8,000 deaths a day worldwide

Specific ways to prevent ANY STD/STI Abstinence from oral, vaginal and anal sex Using a condom EVERY TIME during any sex type any exchange of bodily fluids (semen, vaginal secretions, blood) transmits infections Get Yourself Tested (GYT) and your partner too Get Yourself Tested How often? As always, avoid Alcohol and other Drugs Making sexual decisions is hard enough without the influence of mind-altering drugs

Adolescent Condom Use According to the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance (2006): Among currently sexually active students, 57.9% reported using condoms during last intercourse 63% reported having had intercourse at least once without a condom

Protect yourself! Remember: you only have ONE body and ONE life Use condoms EVERY time and get TESTED Every time you switch partners! Be safe, be smart, be healthy!

Resources: C.D.C., (2005). Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer: An Update on Prevention Strategies Script. Retrieved October 6, 2005 from Grunbaum, J., Kann, L., Kinchen, S., Williams, B., Gross, J., Lowry, R., & Kolbe, L. (2002). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance (YRBS)-United States, 2001, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 51, SIECUS., (2005). The truth about STDs. Retrieved October 5, 2005 from SIECUS., (2005). The truth about adolescent sexuality. Retrieved October 5, 2005 from