Chapter 7 The Shifting Fortunes of Colonial Empires

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Spanish and Portuguese Empires in 18 th Century Politics Great Britain and Latin America –Beginning of the Industrial Revolution –The Treaty of Utrecht formally ended the War of the Spanish Succession –Contraband trade with British & growing number of Anglo-American merchants

The Spanish and Portuguese Empires in 18 th Century Politics The Seven Years’ War –A decisive shift in the colonial empires of Britain, France, and Spain –The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the war and redrew the map of North America © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Spanish and Portuguese Empires in 18 th Century Politics The American Revolution & Latin America –Parliament imposed new taxes on the colonies –French allying with the 13 colonies in 1778 –Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States & returned Florida to Spain © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Spanish and Portuguese Empires in 18 th Century Politics The French Revolution and Latin America –Brief respite from war and social upheaval in Europe and the Americas –Spain’s position in North America eroded –Trouble loomed with young & expansive US –French armies again took the offensive against the other nations of Europe © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Spanish and Portuguese Empires in 18 th Century Politics The Haitian Revolution –The slaves of Saint-Domingue took advantage of splits within upper & middle classes –Events in Haiti terrified slaveowners and all privileged classes throughout the Americas Inspired slaves and free people of color © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Bourbon and Pombaline Reforms Defending the Spanish Empire –Imperial rivalries accelerated in 18 th century –Bourbon monarchs sponsored new settlements to bolster Spanish claims to frontier regions –French presence was a menace to Spain, but served as a buffer against troublesome British

The Bourbon and Pombaline Reforms Administrative Restructuring and New Viceroyalties –Intendants for crown’s interest supervised fiscal/military affairs & implemented Bourbon reforms Economic Development –Royally chartered companies were created to boost production of desired commodities © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Bourbon and Pombaline Reforms The Power of the Church –Absolutist kings of 18 th century Europe viewed the Catholic Church as a rival power –Marquis of Pombal ordered the society expelled from Portugal’s overseas territories –Attempted to curb the wealth and power of other ecclesiastical institutions © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Latin American Peoples in the Age of Revolution Social Change in the Late Colonial Period –Numbers of Portuguese immigrants increased –Slaves declined in late colonial period –Cultural differences between Indians & others The Changing Face of Colonial Cities –The problem of crime in the streets –The threat to public order

Latin American Peoples in the Age of Revolution The Enlightenment in Latin America –Cities and towns were also hubs of intellectual activity in the late colonial period –Educational institutions began placing greater emphasis on science & reason –Used tertulias to discuss the political and scientific ideas of the age © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Resistance and Rebellion in the Late Colonial Period Developing Creole Consciousness –The spread of the cult of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico Resistance to the Bourbon Reforms –New taxes and other administrative changes –Violent protests

Resistance and Rebellion in the Late Colonial Period Conspiracies in Brazil –The volatile climate of the Age of Revolution The Great Rebellion in Peru –Rebels led by José Gabriel Condorcanqui killed Antonio de Arriaga –The rebellion of Tupac Amaru and his successors terrified Spanish authorities © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conclusion The changing political climate of the eighteenth century Reasons why Latin Americans were slower to assert their independence The self-perceived vulnerability of Latin American elites Troubled times of the Age of Revolution