AP Biology Enzymes, Cellular Respiration, and Digestive System Test Review

Enzymes Cellular Resp I Cellular Resp II Digestive System Misc.

What do you call the cellular processes of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?

catabolism

How does an enzyme catalyze a chemical reaction?

It speeds up the reaction by lowering the activation energy.

How does a non- competitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction?

By changing the structure of the enzyme so the substrate can no longer bind to the active site.

Hoe do you overcome competitive inhibition?

Add more substrate

A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X -> Y -> Z -> A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the activity of the enzyme. What is substance A functions as a ….?

Allosteric inhibitor

What metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermetation?

glycolysis

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

The mitochondrial inner membrane

What part of cellular respiration produces the most ATP when glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?

Oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) the electron transport chain

Which stages of cellular respiration release carbon dioxide?

The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the Kreb’s cycle alcoholic fermentation also

In the equation for cellular respiration, what is oxidized and what is reduced?

Glucose is oxidized oxygen is reduced

What is the term for the metabolic pathway in which glucose is degraded to carbon dioxide and water?

Cellular respiration

During cellular respiration, where does acetyl CoA accumulate?

In the mitochondrial matrix

Where is oxygen used in cellular respiration? What is it used for?

Oxygen is used to accept electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.

How is water produced in cellular respiration?

Oxygen accepts electrons and hydrogen ions at the end of the electron transport chain, forming water.

What is the purpose of alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?

Oxidize NADH to NAD +

Name at least one function of the digestive system

Chemically & mecha- nically break down food Absorb nutrients

Where do most of the enzymes and chemicals secreted by the upper end of the small intestine come from?

The liver and pancreas

Where are the agents that help emulsify fat produced?

The liver

Where in the digestive system do you find bacteria that produce vitamins as by-products of their metabolism?

The large intestine

Where does most enzymatic hydrolysis of the macromolecules in food occur?

The small intestine

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

What is peristalsis?

Smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal

What type of phosphorylation generates the ATP in glycolysis?

Substrate-level phosphorylation

During ATP synthesis, what is the proton gradient established primarily by the diffusion of protons used for?

Synthesis of ATP

Why are cattle able to survive on a diet consisting almost entirely of plant material?

They have cellulose- digesting, symbiotic microorganisms in chambers of their stomachs

Final Jeopardy Describe cellular respiration in as much detail as you can before time is called.

Final Jeopardy Question