N.J. Biology End of Course State Test Review

Biology Started With: Macromolecules- the molecules of life! Lipids- fats, phospholipids of cell membranes- CHO. Proteins- found in tissues, cell membranes, determined by DNA and assembled by RNA, CHON. Carbohydrates –used for energy. CHO Nucleic Acids- genetic material-DNA, RNA, CHOPS.

Where did these elements come from?

Natural Cycles- Carbon Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Phosphorous Cycle

All living things need water! Evaporation, precipitation, transpiration.

So how do these elements get into living things? Food Chains and food webs! Starts with producers-autotrophs- photosynthesis. Consumers- heterotrophs, cellular respiration.

Life processes- cellular respiration is essentially the reverse reaction of photosynthesis. The formula for photosynthesis is 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + light energy > C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 and the formula for cellular respiration is C6 H12 O > 6 H2O+ 6 CO2+ energy

Continued- You can see that the products of photosynthesis fuel cellular respiration and the products of cellular respiration fuel photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to build glucose and release oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Cellular respiration combines oxygen with glucose in the mitochondria to produce ATP; water (along with a little heat) and carbon dioxide are produced as well.

What Else? Cells! Prokaryotes- no nuclues. Eukaryotes- nucleus

Transport Passive- no energy, osmosis and diffusion. Active – energy, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, Na/K pump.

Genetics! DNA, RNA, chromosomes,genes, forms of inheritance

Cell Division! Mitosis and meiosis.

Evolution! Change over time. Charles Darwin- Survival of the Fittest!

Ecology! Food Chains and Food Webs Symbiotic Relationships Biomes