1 Psychology 307: Cultural Psychology Lecture 12

2 Scoring Your Questionnaire In order to score your questionnaire, you must compute 5 scores. Score 1: Sum items 1, 6, 11, 16, 21 Score 2: Sum items 2, 7, 12, 17, 22 Score 3: Sum items 3, 8, 13, 18, 23 Score 4: Sum items 4, 9, 14, 19, 24 Score 5: Sum items 5, 10, 15, 20, 25

3 Reminder The midterm exam will test material from Chapters 1-6 of the textbook and all material discussed in class through to the end of class on Monday, February 8 th.

4 Personality 1.Do trait theories adequately describe personality in non-Western cultures? (continued)

5 ● Two types of trait theories exist—those developed on the basis of pre-existing theories and those developed on the basis of empirical research. Do trait theories adequately describe personality in non- Western cultures?

6 1. Eysenck’s (1967, 1975) Trait Theory of Personality  In his original theory, Eysenck suggested that there are 2 basic dimensions of personality:  Eysenck developed his theory of personality on the basis of pre-existing theories—specifically, theories proposed centuries earlier by Hippocrates and Galen.

7 Extraversion: Reflects a desire for social interaction, excitement, and activity. Encompasses traits such as lively and sociable vs. passive and quiet. Emotional Instability: Reflects a tendency to experience unstable emotions. Encompasses traits such as anxious and moody vs. calm and even- tempered.  Using these two dimensions, Eysenck identified 4 personality types:

8 High Emotional Instability Low Emotional Instability High Extraversion The unstable extravert: Active, aggressive, changeable, excitable, impulsive, optimistic, restless, touchy The stable extravert: Carefree, easygoing, lively, leaderly, outgoing responsive, sociable, talkative Low Extraversion The unstable introvert: Anxious, moody, pessimistic, quiet, reserved, rigid, sober, unsociable The stable introvert: Calm, careful, controlled, even-tempered, passive, peaceful, reliable, thoughtful Eysenck’s (1975) Personality Typology

9  Eysenck, Eysenck, and Barrett (1985) developed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised (EPQ- R) to assess extraversion, emotional instability, and psychoticism. The EPQ-R is a 48-item measure that employs a “yes/no” response format.  On the basis of subsequent research, Eysenck identified a third personality dimension: Psychoticism: Reflects a psychological detachment from others. Encompasses traits such as tough- minded and impersonal vs. tender-minded and sympathetic.

10 The EPQ-R (Eysenck, Eysenck, & Barrett, 1985) Score 1: Psychoticism Score 2: Extraversion Score 3: Emotional Instability

11 Personality Dimension Maximum Possible Score Mean Score for Males Mean Score for Females Psychoticism Extraversion Emotional Instability The EPQ-R: Statistics for a British Sample (Eysenck, Eysenck, & Barrett, 1995)

12  In light of the popularity of Eysenck’s theory, cultural psychologists have examined its universality across cultures.  Barrett et al. (1998) administered Eysenck’s measure to participants in 34 countries (e.g., Australia, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Uganda, US). Consistent with Eysenck’s theory, they found that each of the 3 dimensions could be reproduced in all of the countries surveyed.

13  Similarly, Lynn and Martin (1997) administered a modified version of Eysenck’s measure to participants in 37 countries (e.g., Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Egypt, Finland, Iran, Japan, Nigeria, Russia, Uganda, Yugoslavia) and found that each of the 3 dimensions could be reproduced in all of the countries surveyed.

14 Personality Dimension Highest Scoring Countries Lowest Scoring Countries Psychoticism Czechoslovakia, India, Yugoslavia Spain, Portugal, Norway Extraversion Israel, United States, Puerto Rico Russia, Iran, China Emotional Instability Greece, Russia, Egypt Norway, Nigeria, Israel Countries High and Low on Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Emotional Instability (Lynn & Martin, 1997)

15 Personality Dimension Maximum Possible Score Average Score for Males Average Score for Females Canada’s Score for Males Canada’s Score for Females Psychoticism Extraversion Emotional Instability Canada’s Scores on Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Emotional Instability (Lynn & Martin, 1997)

16  Consistent with the results obtained for Canada, Lynn and Martin (1997) found that: (a) in 36 of the 37 countries surveyed, men obtained higher means than women on psychoticism. (c) in all of the countries surveyed, men obtained lower means than women on emotional instability. (b) in 30 of the 37 countries surveyed, men obtained higher means than women on extraversion.

17  In contrast to these findings, van Hemert et al. (2002) administered Eysenck’s measure to participants in 24 countries (e.g., Bangladesh, Chile, China, Germany, Iran, Ireland, Nigeria, Russia) and found that only 2 of the dimensions could be reproduced in all of the countries surveyed: extraversion and emotional instability.  Thus, at this point, only 2 of Eysenck’s dimensions— extraversion and emotional instability—may be of universal importance in describing personality.

18 Personality 1.Do trait theories adequately describe personality in non-Western cultures? (continued)