Fig. 13-0

Fig. 13-0a

Fig. 13-0b

Fig. 13-0c

Fig. 13-1a

Fig. 13-1b

Fig. 13-1c North America ATLANTIC OCEAN Great Britain Brazil The Galápagos Islands PACIFIC OCEAN Pinta Marchena Genovesa Santiago Fernandina Pinzón Isabela San Cristobal Española Florenza Daphne Islands Santa Cruz Santa Fe 40 miles Equator 40 km 0 0 Europe Africa South America Andes Argentina Cape Horn Cape of Good Hope PACIFIC OCEAN Equator New Zealand Australia Tasmania

Fig. 13-1ca

Fig. 13-1cb

Fig. 13-1cc North America ATLANTIC OCEAN Great Britain Brazil Europe Africa South America Andes Argentina Cape Horn Cape of Good Hope PACIFIC OCEAN Equator New Zealand Australia Tasmania

Fig. 13-1cd The Galápagos Islands PACIFIC OCEAN Pinta Marchena Genovesa Santiago Fernandina Pinzón Isabela San Cristobal Española Florenza Daphne Islands Santa Cruz Santa Fe 40 miles Equator 40 km 0 0

Fig Terminal bud Lateral buds Leaves Kale Stem Brussels sprouts Cauliflower Cabbage Kohlrabi Wild mustard Flower clusters Flowers and stems Broccoli

Fig. 13-3aa A flower mantid in Malaysia

Fig. 13-3ab A leaf mantid in Costa Rica

Fig. 13-3b Chromosome with allele conferring resistance to pesticide Additional applications will be less effective, and the frequency of resistant insects in the population will grow Survivors Pesticide application

Fig A Skull of Homo erectus B Ammonite castsC Dinosaur tracks Fossilized organic matter of a leaf E Insect in amber F “Ice Man” D

Fig. 13-4a A Skull of Homo erectus

Fig. 13-4b B Ammonite casts

Fig. 13-4c C Dinosaur tracks

Fig. 13-4d D Fossilized organic matter of a leaf

Fig. 13-4e E Insect in amber

Fig. 13-4f F “Ice Man”

Fig. 13-4g

Fig. 13-4h Pelvis and hind limb Rhodocetus (predominantly aquatic) Pakicetus (terrestrial) Dorudon (fully aquatic) Balaena (recent whale ancestor) Pelvis and hind limb

Fig. 13-4ha Rhodocetus (predominantly aquatic) Pakicetus (terrestrial)

Fig. 13-4hb Pelvis and hind limb Dorudon (fully aquatic) Balaena (recent whale ancestor) Pelvis and hind limb

Fig. 13-5a Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges HumanCatWhaleBat

Fig. 13-5b Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chick embryo Human embryo

Fig Tetrapod limbs Amnion Lungfishes Feathers Amphibians Mammals Lizards and snakes 2 Hawks and other birds Ostriches Crocodiles Amniotes Tetrapods Birds

Fig. 13-7

Fig Parents Offspring, with new combinations of alleles Gametes Meiosis  and A1A1 Random fertilization A1A1 A2A2 A3A3 A1A1 A2A2 A3A3 A3A3 A1A1 A2A2 A1A1

Fig. 13-9a Webbing No webbing

Fig. 13-9b Phenotypes 320 ––– 500 Genotypes Number of animals (total = 500) Genotype frequencies Number of alleles in gene pool (total = 1,000) Allele frequencies WW Ww ww = ––– 500 = ––– 500 = w160 W w 640 W 800 1,000 = 0.8 W 200 1,000 = 0.2 w

Fig. 13-9c Gametes reflect allele frequencies of parental gene pool W egg p = 0.8 Sperm w egg q = 0.2 W sperm p = 0.8 Eggs Allele frequencies Genotype frequencies Next generation: w sperm q = 0.8 WW p 2 = 0.64 ww q 2 = 0.04 wW qp = 0.16 Ww pq = WW0.32 Ww 0.04 ww 0.8 W0.2 w

Fig a-1 Original population

Fig a-2 Original population Bottlenecking event

Fig a-3 Original population Bottlenecking event Surviving population

Fig b

Fig

Fig Original population Frequency of individuals Original population Evolved population Phenotypes (fur color) Stabilizing selectionDirectional selectionDisruptive selection

Fig a

Fig b

Fig c

Fig “Right-mouthed” “Left-mouthed” ’82’83’84’85’86’87’88’89’90 Sample year Frequency of “left-mouthed” individuals

Fig. 13-UN1 Observations Heritable variations in individuals Overproduction of offspring Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population Individuals well-suited to the environment tend to leave more offspring Inferences

Fig. 13-UN2 Allele frequencies Genotype frequencies Dominant homozygotes Heterozygotes Recessive homozygotes p + q = 1 p 2 +2pq + q 2 = 1

Fig. 13-UN3 Original population Pressure of natural selection Evolved population Stabilizing selection Directional selection Disruptive selection

Fig. 13-UN4 Microevolution (a) may result from change in allele frequencies in a population is the (g) (c) (b) (d) (e) (f) individuals or gametes best adapted to environment adaptive evolution random fluctuations more likely in a due to movement of may be result of leads to due to of individuals

Fig. 13-UN5