Heart Rate You can measure it by taking your pulse (1 pulse= 1 heartbeat) Measure YOUR resting heart rate by counting pulse for 15 sec Multiply this by 4 to calc beats/minute Run in place for 30 seconds!! Do it! Sit down and determine your bpm again and compare Why does it increase???

Athletes Weightlifter 65bpm Football player 55bpm Swimmer 40bpm Marathon Runner 40bpm Why so low?

ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration

Where do organisms get energy? Stored in food we eat in unit of calories calorie= amount of energy needed to raise temp of 1g water by 1°C Calorie= 1000 calories 1 g protein=4Cal 1 g fat= 9 Cal

What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds

Chemical Structure of ATP 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar Adenine Base

What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

ADP  ATP This low energy ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) needs a 3 rd phosphate to make ATP Phosphorylation Requires energy motion.com/atp /index.html

When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H energy YIELDS

Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H energy YIELDS 1 1) Glucose will be broken down repeatedly, forming CO 2

Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H energy YIELDS 2 2) Hydrogen gets transferred to oxygen via NAD (hydrogen holder)  forming H 2 O 3 3) NAD

Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H energy YIELDS 4 4) Breaking apart this one glucose can give 36 ATP *40% of energy released is used to make ATP, 60% escapes as heat

What happens when you workout?…. – Breaking down sugars you ate – Breathing more (O 2 ) – Exhaling more (CO 2 ) – Sweating more (H 2 O) – Get hot! C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H energy

What Carries the Electrons? NAD + and FAD + are coenzymes NAD + and FAD + are coenzymes NADH and FADH 2 serves as carriers for H+ ions and electrons NADH and FADH 2 serves as carriers for H+ ions and electrons

Mitochondria Structure Folds increase S.A. for reaxns

What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration? Glycolysis (cytoplasm) Glycolysis (cytoplasm) The Krebs Cycle (mitochondria matrix) The Krebs Cycle (mitochondria matrix) The Electron Transport Chain (inner mitochondrial membrane) The Electron Transport Chain (inner mitochondrial membrane)

Diagram of the Process

Glycolysis: Sugar splitting GLUCOSEC-C-C-C-C-C 2 PYRUVATE C-C-C + C-C-C 4 ATP 2 NADH 2 ATP invested NET GAIN of 2 ATP

Glycolysis Summary Anaerobic (doesn’t use oxygen) Happens in cytoplasm of cell Glucose splits into two pyruvate molecules Produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP (net 2ATP) Occurs very quickly 2 ATP

Krebs Cycle 2 PyruvateC-C-C + C-C-C 2Acetyl CoA C-C + C-C C + C + C + C 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 4 CO 2 KREBS CYCLE 2 CO 2 2 NADH

Krebs Cycle Summary Aerobic Respiration (requires O 2 ) Occurs in mitochondria matrix (necessary enzymes there) Pyruvate (3C)  Acetyl CoA (2C)  CO 2 Glucose gets completely broken down

Krebs Cycle ATP

Electron Transport Chain Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane (cristae) Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane (cristae) NADH and FADH 2 pass e- down chain of coenzymes in membrane NADH and FADH 2 pass e- down chain of coenzymes in membrane (like hot potato)

ETC continued As e- travel, energy is released that pushes H+ across membrane As e- travel, energy is released that pushes H+ across membrane H+ build up, and cross back through ATP synthase pump H+ build up, and cross back through ATP synthase pump H+ unite with O 2 as it comes out pump to form H 2 O (THIS IS WHY WE BREATHE!! 32 ATP produced 32 ATP produced 32 ATP

Electron Transport Chain

The Totals Together glycolysis, Krebs and ETC produce per glucose molecule 36% of glucose energy is used to make ATP, 64% gets released as heat Is this efficient? 36 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration Glycolysis If O 2 present  Krebs  ETC (aerobic) If O 2 is NOT present  FERMENTATION – Lactic acid (muscles, cause fatigue) – Alcoholic (breads, yeast, beer) CO 2 is produced 2 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration GLUCOSE 2 PYRUVATE 2 ATP 2 NADH If O 2 available Aerobic Resp in mitochondria Lactic Acid (muscles) Alcohol (yeasts) FERMENTATION

Lactic Acid O 2 conditions like in heavy exercise (animals) Muscle cells swap to anaerobic resp until O 2 becomes available (reversible) Lactic acid builds up, cause muscle fatigue

Alcoholic Fermentation Pyruvates convert into ethanol and CO 2 Occurs in yeasts Yeast produce CO 2 bubbles Beer alcohol and CO 2 bubbles you see