1 Third hour exam ID: eee105 Password: prAIRie Friday April 12 noon here 100 points (of 500 for semester) 29 questions 57 bubbles If University-approved conflict Sign up with Karin Nelson by Wednesday’s lecture

2 Third hour exam ID: eee105 Password: prAIRie Friday April 12 noon here 100 points (of 500 for semester) 29 questions 57 bubbles Review Session Thursday April pm; 150 ASL

3 Third hour exam ID: eee105 Password: prAIRie Friday April 12 noon here 100 points (of 500 for semester) 29 questions 57 bubbles Coverage: March 13, Oceans Through today

4 EEE Name: eee105 Password: prAIRie Agriculture Read Chpt 15

5 Mechanized Agriculture Typical of industrialized countries Requires large amounts of energy and flat land.

6 Often monocultures Requires large amounts of energy and flat land. Typical of industrialized countries Mechanized Agriculture

7 Monocultures vulnerable to pest invasion to evolution of new pests

8 Monocultures elm trees lined the Quad in the 1940’s all died of the Dutch Elm Disease

9 Often monocultures Requires large amounts of energy and flat land. Typical of industrialized countries Mechanized Agriculture Hybrid crop varieties High technology

10 Mechanized Agriculture

11 Mechanized Agriculture

12 Problems With Mechanized Agriculture soil erosion fertilizer runoff depletion of soil nutrients lead to increased fertilizer use irrigation depletes aquifer ground water monoculture often leads to increased pesticide use

13 PESTICIDES Pesticide - Any chemical used to kill or control populations of unwanted fungi, plants, or animals.

14 Insecticides Used to control insect populations.. Known for centuries that certain plant products produce repellant chemicals. –e.g. Nicotine (tobacco) Coevolution of chemical defenses

15 Coevolution Monarch, milkweed mimicry, mimicry

16 Insecticides Evolution of Insecticide resistance Bioaccumulation of insecticides

17

18 Insecticides Evolution of Insecticide resistance Bioaccumulation of insecticides US banned DDT in 1973 Home use of Dursban outlawed 2000

19 Insecticides

20 Herbicides Used to control unwanted plants. About 60% of pesticides used in US are herbicides. Weeds compete with crops for soil nutrients. Traditional weed control methods are expensive in terms of time and energy.

21 Herbicides Used to control unwanted plants. About 60% of pesticides used in US are herbicides. Weeds compete with crops for soil nutrients. Traditional weed control methods are expensive in terms of time and energy.

22 Herbicides transgenic herbicide resistant crops

23 Fungicides and Rodenticides Fungicides are an important defense against spoilage of both seeds and mature crops. In some parts of the world, governments place a reward on rats because they can destroy agricultural crops.

24 But pests evolve DDT resistance Herbicide resistant weeds escaped genes Warfarin-resistant rats

25 corn root borer But pests evolve Corn root borer starved on soy beans Alternate corn & soy beans annually But in late ‘80’s a new strain of borer evolved which could feed on soy beans

26 corn root borer But pests evolveevolve

27 corn rootborer But pests evolve

28 Genetically Modified Crops Bacillus thuringiensis e.g. Bt crops a common soil bacterium produces an insecticidal protein long used by organic gardeners bt gene inserted into crop genomes

29 Bt corn

30 Bt corn

31 Bt corn Cry9C not digested

32 Bt corn Cry9C Taco Bell

33 Genetically Modified Crops

34 Bt corn

35 Bt corn

36 Genetically Modified Crops

37 Integrated Pest Management

38 Integrated Pest Management understand biology of pest & crop seek to restrain, not eliminate, pest combine genetic, chemical, biological control methods

39 Integrated Pest Management

40 Genetically Modified Crops What’s the controversy? prions