1 Bio211 - Laboratory 1 Microscope Cellular Structure Cell Cycle Mitosis

2 Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward Material starting here will be tested on LECTURE Exam 1 Know these terms

3 Body Sections Know this

4 Anatomical Subdivisions Used most in clinical situations Used most in surgical/anatomical study situations

5 Body Regions Fig 2.3 in Lab Manual Know the terms on this slide and their locations on the body END of material for LECTURE EXAM 1

6 “Seeing” in Biology There are many different tools that biologists/anatomists can use to ‘see’ biological samples at high resolution. Some include: –Light microscope (2-D)* –Electron microscope* Transmission electron microscopy (2-D) Scanning electron microscopy (3-D) –Confocal laser scanning microscope (optical sections through a 3-D specimen; good for 3-D) –Atomic force microscope (one of the most powerful tools for determining the surface topography of native biomolecules at subnanometer resolution)

7 Resolving Power From: Need a refresher on the metric system? See our course Web site in the “Study Guides and Helpers” Section

8 Light Microscope  7.5  m (Use as a guide to size) Nucleus (Erythrocytes)

9 Transmission Electron Micrograph RBC From: Two-dimensional representation of a 3-D object

10 The Scanning Electron Microscope From: No, although the hairdo is similar, this is NOT your instructor!!

11 The Cell Cycle series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides stages interphase mitosis cytoplasmic division differentiation G0G0 Differentiated cells may spend all their time in G 0 (neurons, skeletal muscle, red blood cells) Stem cells may never enter G 0

12 The Cell Cycle Must Have Controls If DNA is damaged, cell must NOT be allowed to enter mitosis DNA must be completely replicated before mitosis takes place At metaphase, the chromosomes must be correctly positioned at the spindle fiber equator Each phase of the cell cycle must be completed before the next is begun DNA/Cell replication must not proceed unless a ‘signal to proceed’ is received

13 What are the Controls of the Cell Cycle? cell division capacities vary greatly among cell types skin and bone marrow cells divide often liver cells divide a specific number of times then cease chromosome tips (telomeres) that shorten with each mitosis provide a mitotic clock (cell senescence) cells divide to provide a more favorable surface area to volume relationship growth factors and hormones stimulate cell division hormones stimulate mitosis of smooth muscle cells in uterus epidermal growth factor stimulates growth of new skin tumors are the consequence of a loss of cell cycle control contact inhibition Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinases provide central control

14 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis Review from Biology… What is the cell cycle? Why does mitosis happen? INNKEEPER, POUR ME ANOTHER TEQUILA!

15 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis INNKEEPER (INTERPHASE) POUR (PROPHASE) ME (METAPHASE) ANOTHER (ANAPHASE) TEQUILA (TELOPHASE/CYTOKINESIS)

16 Review of the Cell Cycle

17 Interphase Cell

18 Prophase What structure joins the sister chromatids together?

19 Metaphase

20 Anaphase

21 Telophase (and Cytokinesis)

22 Plant Mitosis (Allium root tip) Images from: TelophaseProphase Anaphase Interphase Late anaphase /early telophase Metaphase

23 Reminders about using the microscope… Reminders for using microscope –Start at low power and locate a promising area to view at higher power, center the object of interest, THEN go to higher power –When you focus on an area under higher power, be sure to move the FINE focus up and down slightly to be sure you see everything you need to see –Try and use both eyes (for a binocular scope) –Review and USE the instruction sheet for Lab 1 in your Lab Guide that was handed out today!!

24 Cellular Structure This should be a review from General Biology Use your textbook if necessary to label the composite cell Figure 5.5 (page 60) in your lab Manual. List a function for each of the cellular components you labeled (see page 59 Lab Manual).

25 The Cell Be able to label a figure like this (figure 5.5, page 60 in Lab Manual) Give a function for each organelle

26 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis Be sure you are able to recognize… –Each phase of mitosis –For each of the phases of mitosis you are required to look at both: Whitefish blastula Allium root tip Use the photographs in Wood’s Lab Manual to guide you If you are still in doubt about something you see, just ASK!

27 Calculating Mitotic Rate/Index Different populations of cells, or the same types of cells in different places, have different mitotic rates, i.e., rates of cell division. What is a RATE, anyway? What is an INDEX? –How does it differ from a rate?

28 Lab Safety/Rules Please be sure to REVIEW the laboratory rules in your Laboratory Guide and SIGN the sheet on the bench in the front of the lab BEFORE YOU LEAVE TODAY. If you EVER have a question about something in the lab, always ASK before ACTING! There is NO FOOD OR DRINK allowed in the Science Department laboratories Open-toed shoes are not allowed in the Science labs

29 What you should do in lab today… Refer to the Instructions for Laboratory 1 in your Laboratory Guide. If you think you have a question – READ IT AGAIN, THEN ASK! Before you leave the lab today… –Call me over to your lab table so I can check if your group can recognize the different mitotic figures –Sign the Lab Safety Rules sign up sheet Remember to try the Online Quizzes (on gserianne.com Web site) -AFTER you think you have mastered the material for a lab - and/or before the Lab Exam

30 For next lab… Epithelial and Connective Tissue –Read Exercises 7 and 8 in Wood’s Lab Manual –Look at the histological photos in your Lab Manual and in your textbook (Ch. 4, Sec 1 and 2) –Label the diagrams in your Lab Manual