D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM

ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM BRAIN SPINAL CORD CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AFFERENT NERVES EFFERENT NERVES EXTERO- RECEPTORS INTERO- RECEPTORS SOMATICAUTONOMIC EFFECTOR ORGANS SKELETAL MUSCLES SMOOTH AND CARDIAC MUSCLES AND GLANDS

MAINTENANCE AND PROTECTION OF THE CNS  Glial Cells: physical and metabolic support  Skull and Spinal Column  Cerebrospinal fluid  Blood-brain barrier  Blood supply

GLIAL CELLS OR NEUROGLIA :  PHYSICAL AND METABOLIC SUPPORT  90% OF CELLS IN BRAIN  FOUR TYPES: ASTROCYTES, OLIGODENDROCYTES, EPENDYMAL CELLS, AND MICROGLIA

Skull and Spinal Column  PROVIDE MECHANICAL SUPPORT  PROTECTS THE NEURAL AND SUPPORTING TISSUE

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID  DENSITY IS THE SAME AS BRAIN  SHOCK ABSORBER

Blood-brain barrier  LIMITS ACCESS OF BLOOD MATERIALS TO BRAIN TISSUE  PROTECTS BRAIN FROM FLUCTUATIONS IN BLOOD LEVELS

STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN  BRAIN STEM  CEREBELLUM  FOREBRAIN

THE FOREBRAIN  THE DIENCEPHALON  THE CEREBRUM

THE DIENCEPHALON  HYPOTHALAMUS  THALAMUS

THE CEREBRUM  BASAL NUCLEI  CEREBRAL CORTEX

WHITE AND GRAY  GRAY MATTER - MAINLY CELL BODIES  WHITE MATTER - MYELINATED AXONS

SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES  BASAL GANGLIA  THALAMUS  HYPOTHALAMUS  LIMBIC SYSYTEM

BASAL GANGLIA  PLAY A COMPLEX ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF MOVEMENT  INHIBIT MUSCLE TONE THROUGHOUT BODY  SUPPRESS USELESS OR UNWANTED PATTERNS OF MOVEMENT

THALAMUS  RELAY STATION  HELP US DIRECT OUR ATTENTION  FILTERS OUT INSIGNIFICANT SIGNALS

HYPOTHALAMUS  REGULATES HOMEOSTATIC FUNCTIONS  THIRST AND URINE OUTPUT  FOOD INTAKE  HORMONE SECRETION  BODY TEMPERATURE  AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’S COORDINATING CENTER

LIMBIC SYSTEM  COMPLEX NETWORK OF FOREBRAIN STRUCTURES  EMOTIONS  BASIC SURVIVAL  SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR  MOTIVATION  LEARNING

BEHAVIOR AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS  NOREPINEPHRINE  DOPAMINE  SEROTONIN

LEARNING AND MEMORY  SHORT TERM VS LONG TERM  WORKING MEMORY  ASSOCIATIVE VS CONDITIONED  MULTIPLE LOCATIONS

THE MOTOR CORTEX  SOMATOTOPIC ORGANIZATION  DESCENDING PATHWAYS  SENSORY FEEDBACK

CORTICAL AREAS INVOVED IN MOTOR CONTROL

SOMATOTOPIC ORGANIZATION OF THE MOTOR CORTEX

THE SPINAL CORD IN SOMATIC SENSORY FUNCTION  WHITE AND GREY MATTER  SEGMENTAL ORGANIZATION

SEGMENTAL STRUCTURE OF SPINAL NERVES DERMATOMES

SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN GREY MATTER DORSAL VENTRAL SPINAL NERVE DORSAL ROOT GANGLION VENTRAL HORN WHITE MATTER LATERAL

THE SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

SOMATOTOPIC ORGANIZATION OF THE SENSORY CORTEX

MOTIVATIONAL SYSTEMS  HUNGER  THIRST  SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

HUNGER LACK OF FOOD REDUCED AVAILABILITY OF GLUCOSE CONTRACTIONS OF EMPTY STOMACH LOW TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS IN FAT CELLS GLUCOSE RECEPTORS IN HYPOTHALAMUS MECHANO- RECEPTORS IN STOMACH PANCREAS HUNGER

THIRST WATER DEFICIENCY OSMORECEPTORS IN SUPRAOPTIC AND SUPRA- VENTRICULAR NUCLEI OF HYPOTHALAMUS THIRST ADH SERETION BY PITUITARY WATER RETENTION BY KIDNEY

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR  ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS ORGANIZES RESPONSES TO PHERMONES  OLIFACTORY CUES SENT TO PYRIFORM CORTEX AND AMYGDALA AND INDIRECTLY TO HYPOTHALAMUS  ANDROGENS DETERMINE RELEASE OF LEUTINIZING HORMONE- CONSTANT OR CYCLIC

LEARNING AND MEMORY  ASSOSCIATIVE VS NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING  SHORT AND LONG TERM MEMORY  NEURONAL PATHWAYS  SPLIT BRAIN STUDIES  CELLULAR MANIFESTATIONS  USE AND DISUSE

LOCALIZATION OF LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATION MOTOR PROGRAMS COMPREHENSION

LATERALITY OF BRAIN FUNCTION  RIGHT AND LEFT BRAIN  GENDER DIFFERENCES

RIGHT AND LEFT BRAIN  RIGHT HEMISPHERE: SPATIAL ABILITIES  LEFT HEMISPHERE: MUSICAL ABILITY

GENDER DIFFERENCES  MALES TEND TO EXHIBIT MORE LATERALIZATION OF SPECIFIC TASKS  FEMALES USE BOTH HEMISPHERES MORE SYMMETRICALLY

ANATOMY OF THE CEREBELLUM Floculonodular Lobe Lateral Zone Intermediate Zone

SOMATIC SENSORY PROJECTIONS ONTO THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX

THE BASAL GANGLIA

THE FLEXOR WITHDRAWAL REFLEX  PAINFUL STIMULUS DETECTED  IPSILATERAL EXTENSORS INHIBITED  IPSILATERAL EXTENSORS EXCITED  LIMB IS WITHDRAWN  IF INVOLVING ONE FOOT WHILE STANDING, CONTRALATERAL SIDE EXTENSORS ACTIVATED AND FLEXORS INHIBITED TO SUPPORT GREATER WEIGHT

FLEXOR WITHDRAWAL REFLEX STEPON TACK SENSORY SIGNAL TO SPINE VIA INTERNEURONS IPSILATERAL EXTENSORS INHIBITED IPSILATERAL FLEXORS CONTRACT-LEG LIFTS CONTRALATERAL EXTENSORS CONTRACT CONTRALATERAL FLEXORS INHIBITED- MAINTAIN BALANCE AND SUPPORT WEIGHT