RADIATION. Insolation in tercepted sol ar radi ation.

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Presentation transcript:

RADIATION

Insolation in tercepted sol ar radi ation

Earth intercepts of the sun’s radiation

Solar constant amount of radiation received at the top of the atmosphere (on a plane surface perpendicular to sun’s rays) = 1372 Watts/m 2 (reduced by half by the time it reaches surface of earth)

energy per unit area amount of energy received at earth’s surface per unit of area (square meter, square inch, etc.)

surface receives more energy per unit area (more concentrated) when the sun’s rays are vertical (direct) less energy per unit area (less concentrated) when sun’s rays are oblique (slanted)

Electromagnetic Radiation Radiant energy

Earth, sun, everything! radiates energy –tropical zones receive more energy than they radiate –polar zones radiate more energy than they receive –excess heat transfer: ocean currents, winds

Sun’s energy from atomic fusion: hydrogen atoms fused into helium atoms –lost mass converted to energy

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) –travels at speed of light (93 million miles in 8.5 minutes) –travels in waves Wavelength: size of wave

electromagnetic spectrum “ruler” to measure different types of energy

Solar (Sun) vs. Terrestrial (Earth) Radiation: sun’s SHORTWAVE : –gamma, X-ray, UV, visible, infrared earth’s LONGWAVE : –infrared

Absorption of radiation in the atmosphere: Shortwave absorbers: ozone, water vapor Longwave absorbers: water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone “The atmosphere is relatively transparent to shortwave radiation and opaque to longwave radiation”

Types of heat energy Sensible heat thermometer Latent heat released or stored in a phase change

First Law of Thermodynamics: energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be: CONVERTED TRANSFERRED

Energy Transfer Mechanisms: Conduction energy transmitted within a substance by collision of molecules Convection vertical motion of energy from one place to another through physical motion of air

Energy Budget/Balance Exchange of energy between the sun, the earth, and the atmosphere –balance between incoming and outgoing

radiation entering the atmosphere can be: absorbed transformed, re-emitted reflected “albedo” : percentage of incoming radiation that is reflected; earth/atmosphere albedo = 31 %

Incoming solar shortwave radiation

Longwave exchanges between surface, atmosphere, and space:

The Balancing Act = 143 energy leaves surface as: –radiation –latent heat (evaporation) –sensible heat (conduction) losses: = 144

Counterradiation by the atmosphere:

Greenhouse Effect atmosphere admits most shortwave; absorbs and counterradiates longwave allows average surface temperature to be 59 o F rather than - 4 o F

Review of energy balance

Latitudinal differences in net radiation

Seasonal and Diurnal (daily) differences in insolation

Seasonal and Diurnal (daily) differences in net radiation