Civil Rights Movement in Georgia 1940s-1950s SS8H11: The student will evaluate the role of Georgia in the modern civil rights movement. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s; include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag.

1946 Georgia Governor’s Race Governor Ellis Arnall’s term was ending and it was time to elect a new governor. 62 year old Eugene Talmadge was elected governor again for the 3rd time. Talmadge died before he was sworn in as Governor, therefore, the following men claimed they were governor of Georgia: 1. Ellis Arnall (Governor at that time) 2. Melvin Thompson (Lieutenant Governor) 3. Herman Talmadge (Eugene’s son) In March of 1947, the Georgia Supreme Court ruled that Melvin Thompson was the Governor of Georgia.

Three Governors Controversy Eugene Talmadge Ellis Arnall Melvin Thompson Herman Talmadge

Herman Talmadge In 1948, Georgians elected Herman Talmadge Governor of Georgia. Then again in 1950. Strict segregationist, who did not want to integrate Georgia’s schools. As governor, he increased public education from 1st grade-12th grade + lengthened the school year to nine months + raised the standards for buildings, equipment, and school curriculum. Enacted a 3% sales tax to pay for the Minimum, Foundation Program Education Act. He was elected to the U.S. Senate from 1956 to 1981.

Civil Rights Act http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/assetGuid/DC631C55-D98E-4BF4-860F-630FB60271BC

Brown vs. Board of Education http://www. youtube. com/watch In 1950, seven year old Linda Brown, a black student, tried to enroll in an all-white school in Topeka, Kansas. When she was denied entry, the NAACP helped Linda’s father sue the Topeka Board of Education. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that separate-but-equal schools were unconstitutional (illegal).

Brown vs Board of Education https://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/ushistory/brownvsboardofeducationoftopeka/ I Have A Dream Speech from the March on Washington. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smEqnnklfYs Username: griffinms Password: student

Dr. Benjamin E. Mays Lifelong educator, who taught at Morehouse College and became the President of this college, too from 1940-1967 Helped Morehouse College students to create the Omega Psi Phi fraternity Served as the 1st African American president of the Atlanta Public School Board of Education from 1969-1981

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Born in Atlanta, GA in 1929 Graduated from Morehouse College in 1946. Baptist preacher who led the Civil Rights Movement from 1955-1968 Through non-violence, he led many boycotts, marches, and protests Formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957 Helped to get the Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed into law Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 Assassinated on April 4, 1968

ML King Jr https://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/freemovies/martinlutherkingjr/

1956 Georgia Flag 1956, the state’s flag was changed to incorporate the St. Andrew’s cross, a Confederate battle emblem. The flag was changed as a protest to the desegregation of Georgia’s schools. It was designed to protest pro-civil rights rulings such as Brown v Board of Education. African Americans were offended, by this reference to slavery. The 1956 flag was damaging to Georgia’s tourism and business industries. In 2001, the General Assembly along with Governor Sonny Perdue signed into law the flag below:

2003 to Present Georgia Flag

Civil Rights Movement in Georgia 1960s-1970s SS8H11b: Analyze the role Georgia and prominent Georgians played in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s; include such events as the founding of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Sibley Commission, admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter to the University of Georgia, Albany Movement, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act, the election of Maynard Jackson as mayor of Atlanta, and the role of Lester Maddox. c. Discuss the impact of Andrew Young on Georgia.

Music from 1965 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltRwmgYEUr8 Temptations http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVlr4g5-r18 Beatles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSjn3CAC5zI&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 Jackson 5

1960s-1970s Student Non-Violence Coordinating Committee (SNCC): An Atlanta-based organization for young African Americans to peacefully participate in the Civil Rights Movement. Led protest Sit-ins at lunch counters Boycotts of businesses that would not serve blacks Registering black voters

SNCC The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded in April 1960, by young people who had emerged as leaders of the sit-in protest movement initiated on February 1 of that year by four black college students in Greensboro, North Carolina. SNCC members decided to sit in the “whites only” waiting room at the Albany bus station. It resulted in the jailing of more than 1,000 African Americans in Albany and surrounding rural counties.

The University of Georgia In 1959, Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes applied to attend the University of Georgia and were denied. They sued UGA and in 1960, federal court ordered UGA to admit them. They graduated in 1963 from UGA.

Sibley Commission Governor Ernest Vandiver chose John Sibley to head up this commission. A respected Atlanta businessman, lawyer, and president of the University of Georgia Alumni Association, Sibley was selected because he opposed integration. The commission was created to allow Georgia’s public school boards to vote on whether or not to desegregate their schools. Although the Sibley Commission helped to prevent the violence that accompanied desegregation in other Deep South states, it also provided tactics that local school boards could use to slow down the desegregation process.

Albany Movement (1961) It was the first mass movement in the modern Civil Rights Era to have as its goal the desegregation of an entire community (Albany, GA). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBrZ4utBse8 The goal of the movement was to integrate the bus station waiting rooms in Albany, Georgia

Civil Rights Act of 1964 This law outlawed segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment. It would also withhold federal funds from schools that did not end segregation. Public facilities are: restaurants, parks, movie theaters, hotels, schools, and libraries. In the South, many whites were still resistant to change. Lester Maddox refused to serve African Americans in his Atlanta restaurant, so he closed his business.

Lester Maddox Segregationist, who was elected governor in 1967. He won after being elected by the General Assembly rather than the people. Declared that integration or desegregation would never happen as long as he was in charge. In a weird twist of fate, Governor Maddox appointed more African Americans to state boards and commissions than prior governors combined. Also, he integrated the Georgia State Patrol.

James “Jimmy” Carter Former Governor of Georgia Elected the 39th President of the USA in 1977-1981. He is from Plains, Georgia. Only U.S. President to come from Georgia.

Maynard Jackson In 1974, Maynard Jackson was sworn in as Atlanta’s youngest and 1st African American mayor. He was Atlanta’s mayor from 1974-1978, 1978-1982, and from 1990-1994. Led the development & expansion of MARTA He helped to expand Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport Helped to bring the 1996 Olympics to Georgia

Andrew Young, Jr. Baptist preacher Trusted aide to Martin Luther King, Jr. United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 1977-1980 Increased programs for the arts. Mayor of Atlanta from 1982-1986 and 1985-1989 Helped to bring the 1996 Olympics to Georgia Currently, a professor at Georgia State University. Expanded the airport