Transport Measures Meridional overturning, MOC: MOC on density surfaces: Heat transport (rel. 0 o C): Freshwater transport (rel. 35 psu):

K-7 Ganachaud&Wunsch heat transports are indicated by the arrows and red numbers (positive northward/eastward). The white box at the tail end of each arrow is the one- standard-deviation uncertainty. Between sections, ocean-atmosphere heat transfers are indicated by the zonal length of the coloured boxes (blue for ocean cooling; red for ocean heating), with the length of the white box inside indicating the uncertainty. Keith (1995) Trenberth & Solomon (1994) Macdonald & Wunsch (1996) Garnier et al (2001) De las Heras & Schlitzer(1999) Bryden et al (1991) Ganachaud & Wunsch (2000) Heat transports Mass transports Heat transports

K-7 Global Heattransport Ganachaud&Wunsch(1996)

ENSEBLES North Atlantic Heattr. Ganachaud&Wunsch(1996)

K-7 Indo-Pac. Heattransport Ganachaud&Wunsch(1996)

Wijffels et al (2001)/Macdonald&Wunsch(1996) Wijffels et al (2001) Macdonald&Wunsch(1996)

K-7 Global Freshwater transp. Wijffels et. al. (2001)

K-7 Atlantic and IndoPac freshwater transports Indo-PacificAtlantic

K-7 Heat transport 25 o N

K-7 Heat transport 48 o N

ENSEBLES Heat/FW transport Global Mean 25N (PW) Global Mean 20S (PW) Ind.-Pac. Mean 25N (PW) Atl. Mean 25N (PW) Atl. STD 25N (PW) Atl. Seasonal 25N (PW) Atl. Drift 25N (PW/10yr) Global Mean FW 30S (Sv) Global Mean FW 25N (Sv) Model Details Method Details Ganachaud& Wunsch (2000) Macdonald (1998) ECCO-JPL MIT 1-1/3 o, Lev KPP, GM partition Kalman ECCO-SIO MIT 1 o, Lev, KPP, GM adjoint ECCO-50yr MIT 1 o,Lev, KPP, GM adjoint ECCO-GODAE MIT 1 o,Levadjoint GFDL MOM INGV OPA 2-1/2 o,Lev, TKE, eddy vel multivar. OI SODA MOM 1-1/3 o Lev KPP,GM OI

K-7 Bryden et al (2005) Transport per unit depth (in m2 s-1) represents the zonally averaged northward geostrophic velocity times the zonal distance across the section at each depth. a, Top-to-bottom profile showing the general similarity in vertical structure of the flow for each section with southward flow in the upper waters, a northward flow of intermediate waters, a southward flow of deep waters at 1,200-5,000 m depth, and a northward flow in the bottom waters. b, Expanded profile of the thermocline flow showing the stronger southward flow in the 1998 and 2004 sections. c, Expanded profile below 1,000 m depth showing the two cores of southward flowing upper NADW centred at about 2,000 m depth and lower NADW centred at 4,000 m depth. u-NADW l-NADW AABW

K-7 Max. MOC 25 o N Bryden et al. (2005) ECMWF

K-7 Max. MOC 48 o N

Global MOC ECCO-SIO ECCO-50y ECCO-GODAE ECCO-JPL INGV SODA GFDL

Atlantic MOC ECCO-SIO ECCO-50y ECCO-GODAE ECCO-JPL INGV SODA GFDL

IndoPac MOC ECCO-SIO ECCO-50y ECCO-GODAE ECCO-JPL INGV SODA GFDL

ENSEBLES MOC Max. Atl. MOC (Sv) Mean MOC 25N (Sv) STD MOC 25N (Sv) Seasonal MOC 25N (Sv) Drift MOC 25N, (Sv/10yrs) Mean MOC 48N (Sv) l-NADW 92 – km AABW North-Atl. Min. Ind- Pac MOC(Sv) Model Details Method Details G & W (2000) Bryden et al(2005) 16(<27.72) ……… (<27.72) ………….. ……… ……… ECCO-JPL No (Yes) too shallow -16 MIT 1-1/3 o, Lev KPP, GM partition Kalman ECCO-SIO (No) 2Sv (Yes) 1Sv not ov.Eq. -11 MIT 1 o, Lev, KPP, GM adjoint ECCO-50yr No (Yes) not ov.Eq. -8 MIT 1 o,Lev, KPP, GM adjoint ECCO-GODAE (No) 4Sv (Yes) not ov.Eq. -15MIT 1 o,Levadjoint ECMWF (30N) Yes 13Sv 6SvHOPE 1 o,LevOI GFDL (No) 7Sv Yes-10MOM INGV Yes 6Sv (Yes) only S Atl. -15 OPA 2-1/2 o,Lev, TKE, eddy vel multivar. OI SODA No (Yes) 1Sv no ov. 20S MOM 1-1/3 o Lev KPP,GM OI

AWI

Willebrand et al (2000) LevelISOPYCNIC SIGMA ISOPYCNICLevel Atlantic MOC vs. depth Atlantic MOC vs. density Roemmich&Wunsch (1985) Level SIGMA ISOPYCNIC 10 th yr 1 st yr

ECCO-JPL

ECCO-SIO

ECCO-50y

ECCO-GODAE

ECMWF

SODA GFDL

INGV

SODA

ECCO-SIO ECCO-SIO/50y + Ref. Bryden et al. (2005)