U.S.A.P. - Chap. 21

 1875: U.S. granted Hawaiian sugar free entry  Queen Liliuokalani retaliated for McKinley Tariff, attempted to reduce U.S. influence  1893: American settlers pulled off coup  1898: Hawaii made U.S. possession  1872: U.S. granted port facilities in Samoa  1899: U.S. shared control with Germany

 Alfred Mahan argued that overseas markets were essential for industrial surpluses  Large merchant marine, strong navy needed  1889: Secretary of Navy Benjamin Tracy supervised a program of naval construction  U.S. gained offensive capability at sea

 The war increased overseas possessions  It also gained the U.S. recognition as a “world power”  Americans became convinced they had a special destiny

 February, 1895: Rebellion in Cuba  "Yellow press" whipped up U.S. sentiment to favor Cuban independence  McKinley gained Spanish concessions  February, 1898: Explosion of the Maine  April, 19: Congress declared Cuba independent, passed "Teller Amendment"  April, 25: U.S. declared war on Spain

 Escalated by economic depression  American Interest ◦ Some Sympathies ◦ Annexation? ◦ Overseas investments Jose Marti

 General Valeriano Weyler ◦ Brought in by Spanish to put down the revolution  Reconcentrado ◦ Concentration Camps ◦ Cut ties between rural workers and revolutionaries

 February, 1895: Rebellion in Cuba  "Yellow press" whipped up U.S. sentiment to favor Cuban independence  McKinley gained Spanish concessions  February, 1898: Explosion of the Maine  April, 19: Congress declared Cuba independent, passed "Teller Amendment"  April, 25: U.S. declared war on Spain

Drawings used to incense Americans  Style of writing that exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readers

 U.S. regular army small, ill-prepared  Problems of equipment and supply ◦ Regulars possessed latest Krag-Jorgensen rifles ◦ Guard units possessed old Springfield rifles  Most soldiers fight in National Guard units

 African Americans served in army Guard units  Black troops resisted segregation  African American soldiers won 26 Certificates of Merit, 5 Congressional Medals of Honor

 May, 1: Commodore George Dewey captured Manila Bay  June: Cuba invaded  July: Santiago surrendered, Puerto Rico occupied  August, 13: Philippines surrendered

 After Dewey destroyed the Spanish Fleet, 11,000 American troops joined the Filipinos who had been fight for independence.  The Filipinos were lead by rebel, Emilio Aguinaldo.  By August 1898, the Spanish troops surrendered.

 Americans defeat the rest of the Spanish fleet near the harbor of Santiago  Cease fire on August 12, 1898  Fighting lasted only 16 Weeks  Treaty of Paris  Spain freed Cuba  Spain turned over Guam, Puerto Rico in the West Indies to the US  Spain sold Philippines to US for $20,000,000

 Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations  December, 1898: Treaty of Paris ◦ Cuba independent ◦ U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

 Debate over annexation of the Philippines  Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League ◦ Against big armies, government, and debt ◦ Republican ideals incompatible with imperialism  February, 1899: Ratification of peace treaty made U.S. a colonizing nation

 The war increased overseas possessions  It also gained the U.S. recognition as a “world power”  Americans became convinced they had a special destiny

 Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations  December, 1898: Treaty of Paris ◦ Cuba independent ◦ U.S. acquires Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

 Debate over annexation of the Philippines  Opponents formed the Anti-Imperialist League ◦ Against big armies, government, and debt ◦ Republican ideals incompatible with imperialism  February, 1899: Ratification of peace treaty made U.S. a colonizing nation

 1898–1901: Emilio Aguinaldo led Philippine independence movement  Filipinos used guerilla war tactics, U.S. adopted tactics Spanish used in Cuba  1901: U.S. replaced military with civil rule ◦ Local self-government permitted ◦ Schedule established for independence  July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

 February 1899, the Filipinos revolted against American rule.  The rebels were lead by Emilio Aguinaldo  The Rebels turned to guerrilla tactics and we forced Filipinos into designated zones (Not all that unlike the Spanish in Cuba)

 What do you think is meant by a “harsh and philanthropic war”?  Were the Filipinos better off with us being there?  Do you agree with Stanley Karnow’s opinion? –Why or why not  Is the policy of holding colonies in the spirit of America?  In your opinion, was Taft a racist?

 American soldiers looked down on the Filipino people  African American soldiers began to question why they were fighting to oppress the Filipinos  Some even developed a bond with them and deserted

 On March 23, 1901, Aguinaldo was captured when American Soldiers came into his camp posing as prisoners.  When Aguinaldo was captured, the rebellion fell apart  He swore an allegiance to America lived in the Philippines till his death in 1964

 1898–1901: Emilio Aguinaldo led Philippine independence movement  Filipinos used guerilla war tactics, U.S. adopted tactics Spanish used in Cuba  1901: U.S. replaced military with civil rule ◦ Local self-government permitted ◦ Schedule established for independence  July 4, 1946: Philippine independence