Disposition Alternatives Diversion Programs Community-Based Alternatives Custodial Alternatives

Review Why is Prevention Attractive? Why is Prevention Difficult? Types of Prevention –Primary –Secondary –Tertiary Targets for Change?

Primer in Evaluation What are the goals of the program? How do you demonstrate these goals?

Basic Experimental Design Control Group Experimental Group RA Or Match “Traditional” Intervention

Diversion Programs What exactly is “Diversion?” What is the theory behind diversion? Does Diversion “work?”

Examples of Diversion Run by private company or social services Youth Bureau Services Police Programs Teen Courts Scared Straight

Research on Scared Straight Type Programs ( )

What can we conclude? Text Book –“Nothing Works” –Only “perfect society” (economic equality, end to racism, etc.) will substantially reduce delinquency –“Radical Non-Intervention”

Dispositional Alternatives Nominal Conditional –Intermediate Sanctions Custodial

History of Probation John Augustus Emergence of Probation –1878 MA first to adopt probation (for juveniles only) –By 1938, 37 states have juvenile and adult probation –By 1954, all states have juvenile probation

Current Juvenile Probation Probation as a “catch basin” Authority of Judge Functions of Probation Process –Deferred Adjudication vs. Sentence of Probation

Probation II Caseloads Conditions Revocation –Due Process Effectiveness –Compared to what?

Intermediate Sanctions Emerged in the 1980s—WHY? Examples –Boot camps, Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP), electronic monitoring Goals? Nature of Intermediate Sanctions –What do they have in common? Evidence (Do they “work?”)

Custodial Secure vs. Non-Secure Temporary vs. Non-temporary Private vs. Public

History Houses of Refuge (NY in 1825 Reformatory or Training School Cottage Style 20 th Century Changes –Abuse Uncovered, Reform Movement 1999 National Confinement Estimates –22,000 in nonsecure –84,000 in secure

Private vs. Public Long history of privatization in juvenile corrections –Mom and Pop type vs. CCA Duluth Area –Public Detention? –Private Detention?

Temporary Generally –Little/no programming, confine mix of juveniles Shelter Care Detention Centers Foster Homes

Non-secure What does non-secure mean? Examples –Group Homes –Wilderness Programs –Ranches or Forestry Camps

Secure Training Schools (or other names) –Large variation in state level populations –Some analogous to state prisons Different security levels –Some treatment oriented Paint Creek Youth Center (Minimum Security) –Public versus Private? Corrections Corporation of America (CCA)

Aftercare (Parole) State Variation in Systems –Most states indeterminate x parole board –Others determinate x early release possible