Range of Tolerance # of Survivors Temperature F Limit of Tolerance OPTIMAL RANGE

 Interactions with biotic factors  Individual: physiology, reproduction, development or behavior  Populations/species: habitat and resource needs, group behavior, population growth, extinction  Communities: how populations interact  Interactions with abiotic and biotic factors  Ecosystems  Biomes  Biosphere

Intraspecific competition – Short term- Density dependent population control Encourages territoriality (K selected) Send young away Resource partition between generations Force trespassers away Long term Encourages specialization

 Interspecific competition – Competitive exclusion principle  Non-native invasive species  What leads to heterogeneity? Small changes in the ecosystem Topography, slope aspect, pH, moisture Resource partitioning

FUNDAMENTAL NICHEREALIZED NICHE

 Interspecific competition  Non-native invasive species  Keys to success  Generalist species  Excellent dispersal mechanisms, allowing it to spread  R-selected or r-strategist  Large clutch size/many offspring produced  Early onset of reproduction/early maturation  o Frequent reproduction  Superior defenses against predators in new environment  Superior skills as a predator in new environment

Norway rat Snakehead fish Cane toadKudzu