Chapter 6 Multiplexers and Switching Concepts

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 6 Multiplexers and Switching Concepts Introduction Used in long distance transmission.

Multiplexer and Demultiplexer Introduction Multiplexer and Demultiplexer MUX: combines several low-speed data channels and transmits all of the data on a single high-speed channel DMUX: the opposite of a multiplexer.

Chapter 6 Multiplexers and Switching Concepts 6.1 Types of Multiplexers TDM (SPM, FPM) FDM WDM CDM.

TDM Each input is assigned equal time to transmit its information 6.1 Types of Multiplexers TDM Each input is assigned equal time to transmit its information have idle time.

SPM The bandwidth is dynamically allocated to active users. 6.1 Types of Multiplexers SPM The bandwidth is dynamically allocated to active users.

FPM Use the same method as SPM 6.1 Types of Multiplexers FPM Use the same method as SPM SPM: use store-and-forward technology, perform error detection FPM: does not use store-and-forward technology , faster than SPM, can’t perform error detection.

6.1 Types of Multiplexers FDM Used for analog transmission , several signals transmit on a single line.

6.2 Telephone System Operation Chapter 6 Multiplexers and Switching Concepts 6.2 Telephone System Operation Telephone system transmits information in analog signal from a telephone set to the Central Office PCM method is used in the central switch to convert the human voice to digital signals (Fig 6.7).

Chapter 6 Multiplexers and Switching Concepts 6.3 Digitizing the Voice PAM: the human voice is sampled at the rate of 8000 samples per second PCM: each PAM sample is represented by eight bits (digital signal DS-0) DS-0: the rate is 8000*8=64Kbps .

Chapter 6 Multiplexers and Switching Concepts 6.4 T1 Link Long distance carriers use TDM to transmit voice signals over high-speed digital lines One of the application of TDM is the T1 link A T1 link carries a level-1 digital signal (DS-1) .

6.4 T1 Link DS-1 A DS-1 is generated by multiplexing 24 voice digital signals (DS-0) .

6.4 T1 Link DS-2 and T2 Link The rate of T1 link: 24 DS-0 + 8k overhead = 24*64k+8k=1.544Mbps A DS-2 is generated by multiplexing 4 DS-1 The rate of T2 link: (24*4=96 DS-0, 168 overhead) 96*64k+168k=6.312M .

Chapter 6 Multiplexers and Switching Concepts To overcome the disadvantage of a fully-connected network, a device called a switch is used to connect stations.

Type of switching Circuit Switching Message Switching 6.5 Switching Concepts Type of switching Circuit Switching Message Switching Packet Switching (Virtual Circuit) Cell Switching.

6.5 Switching Concepts Circuit Switching A physical connection must be established between the source and the destination before transmission of data begins Only two stations use a communication link at the same time.

Message Switching The entire message is transmitted to the switch 6.5 Switching Concepts Message Switching The entire message is transmitted to the switch The switch stores the message, then retransmits it to the next switch or destination The switch needs to have a large buffer.

6.5 Switching Concepts Packet switching Source divides the message into packets, each packet has a sequence number Each packet send by a different route and may be out of order at the destination The destination uses the sequence numbers of the packets to put them in proper order.

Virtual circuit A type of packet switching 6.5 Switching Concepts Virtual circuit A type of packet switching The routing of the packets is specified before transmission All packets will be received at the destination in the proper order.

Packet switching and Virtual circuit 6.5 Switching Concepts Packet switching and Virtual circuit

Short answer questions Chapter 6 Multiplexers and Switching Concepts Short answer questions 17, 20