Extension of the Liège Intra Nuclear Cascade model to light ion-induced collisions for medical and space applications D. Mancusi1, 2, P. Kaitaniemi1, 3, A. Boudard1, J. Cugnon2, J.C. David1, and S. Leray1 1 CEA/Saclay, IRFU/SPhN, France, 2 Liège University, Belgium, 3 Helsinki Institute of Physics, Finland

Applications of spallation reactions Neutron sources for material science, condensed matter physics (SNS, JPARC, ESS) Accelerator-driven sub-critical reactors for nuclear waste transmutation (MYRRHA Belgium) MYRRHA Production of radioactive beams for funda-mental nuclear physics studies (ISOLDE CERN, FRIB, EURISOL) Therapy with protons or heavy ions beams Radiation protection, damage to electronic circuits in space or near accelerators

Fragmentation in hadrontherapy Carbon fragmentation (~50% of the C ions)  spreading of the dose outside the tumor volume Ionization function of a 200 MeV u-1 carbon ion beam in water (K. Gunzer-Marx et al., New Journal of Physics 10 (2008) 075003) Tracks reconstructed in emulsion From T. Toshito et al., 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record

Effects of galactic cosmic rays in spacecrafts space Assessment of radiation risk for manned space flights, estimates of single event upset (SEU) rates for spacecraft memory devices Relative contribution of different ions to flux, dose, and dose equivalent from galactic cosmic radiation Durante & Cucinotta, Nature Rev. Cancer (2008) Differential flux of galactic cosmic rays J. Miller, Gravitational and Space Biology Bulletin 16(2) June 2003

Experiments at GSI FIRST experiment: Fragmentation of Ions Relevant for Space and Therapy (INFN - IRFU/SPhN – GSI - ESA collaboration) See C. Agodi’s talk C+C, C+Au @ 400 AMeV measured in 2011 further experiments foreseen in 2013: other energies, Fe+Si, Fe+C

(A, Z, E*, J) starting state for de-excitation (ABLA) Ingredients of the INCL4 model Target preparation Wood-Saxon density Fermi momentum Entering particles Coulomb deviation Propagation (t dependence) Straight lines, constant velocity Energy, isospin dependent potential Interactions (NN, Δ, ) Minimum distance of approach Pauli principle Escaping particles Quantum transmission Coalescence in phase space clusters (d, t, α…Be) End of the cascade (A, Z, E*, J) starting state for de-excitation (ABLA) p (1 GeV) N D p Transmission Reflection Potential b V0 (- 45 MeV) Ef p in (38 MeV) h E=0 Les interactions: NN elast, NN-Delta, absorption by Ndeta-NN… (A. Boudard et al., PRC66 (2002) 044615, NPA 740 (2004) 195)

Validation of INCL4 against experimental data the Intra-Nuclear Cascade model INCL4.6 coupled to ABLA07 Reaction Cross-section Neutron production pion production LCP production p(1200 MeV) + Ta Residue mass distribution Rajouter : isotopic p+Pb p+Fe residues 2 transparents ? Isotopic Cross-section

IAEA benchmark of spallation models Neutron double differential cross-sections global analysis: Division of the spectra in 4 energy regions: evaporation, pre-equilibrium, pure cascade and quasi-elastic Residue global analysis: Division of the distributions in mass/charge regions: evaporation residues, deep spallation, fission and intermediate mass fragments Mass and charge distributions Quality Points Good 2 Moderately good, minor problems 1 Moderately bad, particular problems -1 Unacceptably bad, systematically wrong -2

Implementation into high-energy transport codes MCNPX : INCL4.2 - ABLA  INCL4.6 - ABLA07 in MCNPX2.7b (private version) GEANT4 : INCL4.2 + LI extension - ABLA (C++ transcription) (removed) INCL++ (=INCL4.6 + LI extension fully rewritten) coupled to ABLA and G4-deexcitation PHITS (coll. JAEA, RIST, KEK) INCL4.6 coupled with the GEM de-excitation model MARS (coll. Fermilab) INCL4.2 + HE extension – ABLA07

Extension of INCL4 to LCP induced reactions Coulomb deviation Exact reaction Q values (masses from tables) Fusion at low energies Frozen projectile Fermi motion until one nucleon interacts Absorption for projectile nucleons entering below Ef and with 𝐫<𝐑𝟎+ 𝝈𝑵𝑵/𝝅 Smooth transition from complete to incomplete fusion direct (peripheral) reactions

Extension of INCL4 to LCP induced reactions (4He,xn) excitation functions Accurate Nuclear Data for nuclear Energy Sustainability

Production of At isotopes in ISOLDE experiment Two production channels: secondary reactions induced by heliums for heavy isotopes Bi (p,π-) for light isotopes p (1.4 GeV) on a thick PbBi target Calculations with INCL4.6-ABLA07 in MCNPX2.7.b Data from Y. Tall et al., ND2007

Extension to light-ion induced reactions b a A Spectators (+ transparents) up to 18O (in the “a” c.m.) Projectile spectator: = geometrical spectators + non-interacting nucleons Excitation energy: hole configuration De-excitation by Fermi-Breakup Target remnant: “normal” INC De-excitation by evaporation or Fermi-Breakup depending on mass !! Not symmetric treatment !!

Light-ion induced reactions: neutron production 12C + 12C GEANT4 calculations 135 MeV/u 290 MeV/u

Light-ion induced reactions: neutron production 12C + 12C GEANT4 calculations 135 MeV/u 290 MeV/u

Light-ion induced reactions: neutron production 12C + 12C GEANT4 calculations 135 MeV/u 290 MeV/u

Charge changing cross-sections Fe+C 3000 MeV/u Fe+C 500 MeV/u Cl+C 1000 MeV/u

Charge changing cross-sections Fe+C 500 MeV/u Fe+C 3000 MeV/u Cl+C 1000 MeV/u

Thick target calculation with GEANT4 12C (95 A MeV) on 5 mm PMMA Charge distributions Data from B. Braunn et al., NIMB 269, 2676-2684 (2011) 10° 7° 20°

Thick target calculation with GEANT4 12C (200 MeV/u) stopped in 12.78 cm of water Particle DDXS Data: K Gunzert-Marx et al., New Journal of Physics 10 (2008) 075003 Renormalization needed for d and 4He p α d

Conclusion Goal: unified code including HE and LI extensions The Intra-Nuclear Cascade model INCL4, which (coupled to ABLA) has proven to be one of the best spallation model for applications, has been extended to light-ion induced reactions and implemented into GEANT4 very promising results despite crude approximations agreement with data similar to QMD, but ~5 times faster Future work Extension to 10 GeV : multipion channels (done), strangeness production, antiproton…. (foreseen in the future) Symmetric treatment with interacting potentials Goal: unified code including HE and LI extensions