Unit 1 Review

Period BCE-600BCE Neolithic Revolution First human-like creature (Lucy) Australopithecines Out of Africa – All people come from AFR – Bearing Strait

Civilization (farming) leads to disease, women inequality 8000 BCE – Neolithic Revolution/Agricultural Revolution First crops = wheat/barley in Middle East Then rice/China, yams/AFR, maize/AME Farming brings surplus of food – If your food and security…

Domesticated animals start in Middle East – Lambs, goats, cows Only Llamas in AME – Columbia Exchange? Most civs develop independently – Especially AME Ag settlements (not civs) – Jericho 8000 BCE (Israel) – Chatel Huyuk 7000 BCE (Turkey)

What is a civ? Food surplus Job specialization Writing Art Trade Stratification Army New Tech

Metals during this time are very important First Bronze (copper + tin) – 3000 BCE First Iron – 1300 BCE

Themes Environment altered by humans – Irrigation – Indus, Nile, Yellow all flood Developments from cultural interaction – Trade among empires As civilization progresses, woman’s status declines – Hunters/gatherers egalitarian

River Valley Civs: Mesopotamia Flooding = angry gods Travelers = causing trouble, less stability Sumer Cuneiform = earliest known writing Epic of Gilgamesh – Flood found in other stories

Govs less centralized – City states Sumerian Advancements Wheel, calendar, 60 base number system

Babylonians take over Sumer Code of Hammurabi – Diff rules for diff classes – Super strict – Gender inequality

Mesopotamia highlights Polytheistic Not centralized gov Hammurabi’s Code Cuneiform Wheel Gilgamesh

Hittites bring iron to Mesopotamia Diffusion – getting something from another culture

Major Mesopotamian cultures: Sumer Acadians Babylon Hittites Assyrians Persians

Egypt Nile predictable flooding – Less angry gods? 3 kingdoms – old, middle, new Pyramids in old Interact w/ Nubians in middle More militaristic in new

Pharaoh is middle More centralized than Meso Pyramids show stratification Hieroglyphics (probably borrowed from Meso) Papyrus = paper

Compare Zigs, Pyrs, AME pyrs

Compare Cuneiform, Herioglyphics, Mayan Glyphs

Hatshepsut – women ruler – Then Egypt has more status for women than other civs Diffusion of bronze into Egypt from Hyksos

Egyptian Highlights: Polytheistic Social Strat Centralized (more than Meso) Higher status for women Pyramids Hieroglyphics

Indus (Pakistan) (N. India) – Cities: Mohenjo Daro, Harappa Indoor plumbing, peaceful Social strat Proof of long distance trade – Indus seals found in Meso/CHN Aryans take over end Indus Civ Start Hinduism/Caste System

China (Shang Dynasty) first Oracle bones – Scratch questions, fire, get answers from ancestors Zhou (Joe) – Longest dynasty – Create mandate of heaven God gives emperor right to rule if he is good Maybe justification to overthrow Shang?

Exceptions to river valley rule Americas Olmec in Central America Chavin in Peru

Important groups Indo-Europeans – Rode horses – Spread from C. Asia – Aryans/Huns Bantu migrations (2000BCE) – Sub Sahara – Spread their language, farming and iron Hebrews (first monotheists) Phonecians – Phonetics (becomes modern alphabet)

Religion in U1 Animism – “animating” giving objects spirits – Africa, Asia Hinduism Judaism Zoroastrianism – Good and evil starts here. – Arguments for this was first monotheist religion – Good god/bad god maybe polytheistic – Maybe archetype for God/Devil