Factors that affect DEPOSITION Particle Size: smaller = slower Particle Shape: more surface area = slower Particle Density: similar size, >D = faster 

Sorting of Sediments Vertical Sorting: the roundest, largest, and densest particles settle at the bottom of a layer, while flatter, smaller, less dense particles settle on the top (landslide, underwater landslides)

Verticle Sorting (a GRADED BED) Decreasing size Decreasing size

HORIZONTAL SORTING Stream enters a large body of water, the velocity decreases and deposition occurs Larger sediments are deposited first Delta may form

Drainage Patterns of Watersheds Dendritic Radial Rectangular Trellis

Drainage Patterns of Watersheds Dendritic Radial Rectangular Trellis

Drainage Patterns of Watersheds Dendritic Radial Rectangular Trellis

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE condensation precipitation transpiration evaporation runoff infiltration Water table Stream, spring, lake, or ocean aquifer Groundwater flow

GROUND WATER Groundwater is always moving --but very slowly Moves only inches per year

3 FACTORS AFFECT INFILTRATION PERMEABILITY – ABILITY OF WATER TO FLOW (IMPERMEABLE – NO WATER CAN FLOW THROUGH) POROSITY – PORE SPACES BETWEEN SEDIMENTS CAPILLARITY – THE ABILITY OF WATER TO MOVE UPWARD IN SOIL

Permeability – larger size = higher perm Impermeable = cannot flow through Porosity – SIZE has NO EFFECT Shape – rounder = higher porosity Mixing Sizes – lower porosity Tightly packed = lower porosity Capillarity – smaller size particles = GREATER/BETTER Capillarity

FINE SAND Moderate drainage PERMEABILITY GRAVEL  Rapid drainage  FINE SAND Moderate drainage  CLAY Slow drainage

Clay is impermeable – water will not flow through easily

CAPILLARITY – WATER MOVES UPWARD SMALLER SIZED PARTICLES INCREASE CAPILLARITY

Soil Storage Saturation INFILTRATION Infiltration refers to water soaking into the ground: Permeability Infiltration rate Porosity Infiltration rate Infiltration rate Slope Infiltration rate Soil Storage Saturation

GROUND WATER - Aquifer WATER INFILTRATES STOPS AT IMPERMEABLE LAYER RISES FROM BOTTOM UP – (LIKE FILLING A BATH TUB) THIS IS CALLED GROUNDWATER AKA – SATURATED ZONE AKA - AQUIFER TOP OF SATURATED ZONE IS THE WATER TABLE UNSATURATED ZONE – AIR AND WATER CAPILLARY FRINGE – WATER RISES TO FEED ROOTS

WATER TABLE RISES WITH RAINFALL FALLS WITH DROUGHT