Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Chapter 9 Inequalities of Gender and Sexual Orientation

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Sex is the major sorting device in every society in the world. Women as a minority group The Problem in Sociological Perspective

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Is male dominance universal? Not all sociologist accept the conclusion that male dominance is universal The Sexual Stratification of Work  Most work is sex-typed George Murdock reviewed anthopologists’ research  Universally, men’s activities are always given greater prestige. The Scope of the Problem

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Political and legal Education Economic Social Major Areas of Discrimination

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Difference between sex and gender Socialization into gender roles  Sex is a master trait Interpreting Classic Research The Dominant Symbolic Interaction Position Symbolic Interactionism

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Two theories of male dominance Rewards for warriors  Social  Biological Reproduction  Throughout history, a woman has been encumbered physically—unable to participate fully in the labor market  Division of Labor  Ultimate result was a patriarchal society Functionalism

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Conflict Theory 1. Power yields privilege. 2. Privilege leads to feeling superior. 3. Use ideologies to justify position. 4. Use social institutions to maintain power.

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Struggle for Equality 1800s, almost every woman was under the legal control of a man, either a father or a husband Women’s Early Movement  Suffragists Glass Ceiling

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Are there natural differences between the sexes?  Studies on Children  SAT: Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)  Aggression (Machismo) The study of Vietnam Veterans Reconciling the Findings Research Findings

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Masculinity and machismo represent strength while femininity is perceived as weakness. Derogatory feminine terms Education Gender tracking A Man’s World Completing the Doctorate Everyday Life

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Children’s Books Help to shape gender roles 1970’s Children Literature Books today Gender stereotype continues to linger in children’s books The Mass Media

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Television  Children programs  Adult TV & movies Music  Boys learn to dominate male–female relationships  Lyrics instruct girls to be sexy, passive, and dependent

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Advertising  Television advertising continues to reinforce stereotypical gender roles.  Use of the female body—especially exposed breasts—to sell products continues. Mass media influences us  Shapes society’s expectations  Parents changing how they socialize their children

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The current situation  Women underrepresented in political decision making Why don’t women dominate politics?  About 7 to 8 million more women than men are of voting age The World of Politics

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Dominance is masculine; politics is a form of dominance; therefore, politics is masculine.  Perception imposes severe restraints on women’s recruitment, participation, and performance in politics. The power of sex roles Restrictive patterns changing

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The historical pattern  Labor force participation rate The gender pay gap  The women average only 72% of what the men make Reasons for the Gender Gap The World of Work

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Sexual Harassment A Personal Problem: Just Individuals A Social Problem: Feminists and Relative Power Sexual Harassment as an Evolving Term Difficult Choices Not Just a Woman’s Problem

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 4/168/43136/ cw/content/

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Homosexual behavior  Sexual relations between people of the same sex Homosexuality  Sexual orientation involving an attraction or preference for people of one’s own sex Attitudes in the United States Legal Changes Homosexuality

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Overt discrimination  Differential treatment that is open and observable Same-sex marriage (SSM)  Legally sanctioned marriage of two same-sex people Domestic partnership or civil union  Not a legal marriage Defense of Marriage Act Homosexuality and Conflict Theory

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Kinsey Research  Sample was biased and findings no longer trusted The Laumann Research  2.2% of women and 4.1% of men in the United States had had sex with a same-sex partner  Narrative data  Unstructured data that tells a story Research On Homosexuality

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Humphreys Research  Devised ingenious but, widely criticized research method  “Tea-rooms” Situational homosexual behavior: the prison  Refers to homosexual acts committed by people who, if members of the opposite sex were available, would choose to be involved in heterosexual relations Homosexuality is a social problem because of subjective concerns.

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Rape and murder Gendered violence  In U.S., women are disproportionately victims of spousal abuse and rape Honor Killings Applying the conflict and feminist perspective  Understand violence against women if viewed as an expression of power Violence Against Women

Social Problems: A Down-To-Earth Approach, Tenth Edition by James M. Henslin ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Sociologists also use symbolic interactionism to understand gendered violence In American culture, men learn machismo Males are surrounded with models of violence Symbolic Interactionism and Violence Against Women