The Cottage Industry: the pre- factory Aka the putting-out system Merchant capitalists paid wages to rural families to finish raw materials (textiles) Initially, used to supplement agricultural income Some gave up farming and created small textile mills in the countryside Provided money to buy food instead of produce it—creates a market-based economy

Farming before the Agricultural Revolution main goal of traditional peasant society was stable food supply vulnerability to poor harvests, fluctuations in price of grain (bread) Ancient tools, three-field system, little use of fertilizers or crop rotation to enhance yield

The Revolution in Agriculture p. 595 While innovation is often welcomed, peasants opposed changes that produced instability. Describe the plight of peasants and their opposition to innovations in agriculture. Why did the rise of grain prices lead to technological, agricultural innovation?

The Agricultural Revolution slow rise in grain prices through 18th c. triggers series of innovations in farm production Commercializing of agriculture through the Enclosure Acts and new technology that yielded more food

Enclosure Acts English Parliament passed the Enclosure Acts—allowed wealthy landowners to buy up common land and enclose it with fencing –Small local farmers who owned or rented their land lost it due to parliamentary measures –Rural communities destroyed Masses of landless laborers flee to cities, BUT some stay to work for landowners

Results of Enclosure Landowners invested in technology— machinery, breeding, planting methods Surplus production in agriculture could support a larger population in the cities Population of Britain doubled during 18 th century Population shift to the cities

Changes in Agriculture p. 596 A.The Dutch led the way by… B.Jethro Tull allowed for greater cultivation through his invention the … C.Charles “Turnip” Townsend instituted crop rotation that used …and led to … D.Robert Bakewell pioneered … that led to …

Agricultural Innovations Dutch, 16th & 17th c.: found better ways to drain land  terracing Jethro Tull ( )—invention of seed drill—pushed seed further into ground

Crop rotation Charles “Turnip” Townsend supported the use of fodder crops(clover, turnips)  WHAT? –No fallow land –More fertile land due to crops that put back nutrients in soil Larger agricultural yields Potatoes became a staple crop

Selective Breeding Englishmen Robert Bakewell English gov’t granted awards to those who could produce the fattest and meatiest cattle –More wool and meat

Population Expansion P. 597 Account for the rise of population during the 18 th century –Reasons for rise in birth rate –Reasons for decline in death rate –Impact of rise of population Summarizing statement