Go to Section: A Look Into the Future It is 100 years in the future and you are a research scientist. An enormous volcanic eruption has recently sent huge quantities of dust and ash into the atmosphere. Working with a partner, make a list of how this event will affect each of the following: 1. photosynthesis 2. plant life 3. animal life 4. human societies Section 8-3 Interest Grabber

Go to Section: A Look Into the Future 1. photosynthesis The rate of photosynthesis will decrease due to reduced sunlight. Section 8-3 Interest Grabber

Go to Section: A Look Into the Future 2. plant life Plants will grow more slowly or die off due to decreased rate of photosynthesis. Section 8-3 Interest Grabber

Go to Section: A Look Into the Future 3. animal life Animal populations will decrease after a while due to fewer plants for herbivores to eat. Fewer herbivores will eventually result in fewer carnivores. Also, less oxygen will be available. Section 8-3 Interest Grabber

Section 3 Answers Interest Grabber Answers 4. human societies Human societies will have to adjust their eating habits as some food species die out.

Go to Section: 8–3The Reactions of Photosynthesis A.Inside a Chloroplast B.Electron Carriers C.Light-Dependent Reactions D.The Calvin Cycle E.Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Section 8-3 Section Outline

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction

Video 3 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 3 Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 1

PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS _________________= saclike photosynthetic membranes inside chloroplast ____________________ = stack of thylakoids __________ = space around thylakoid membranes THYLAKOIDS GRANUM (pl. grana) STROMA

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION Requires ______________ Happens within________________ Made up of ___________________ Connected by ______________________ Uses light energy to change ADP + P → _______ NADP + + H + → _________ Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________ LIGHT ATP THYLAKOID membranes PHOTOSYSTEMS I & II ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN NADPH H20H20 oxygen

Go to Section: Video 4 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 4 Light-Dependent Reactions, Part 2

PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS Proteins in thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters called _____________________ PHOTOSYSTEMS

HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS require a special carrier, too ____________ is one of the carriers that cells use to transport high energy electrons. NADP + ________ + _____ + _____ → ____________ 2 e - H+H+ _______= nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP +

Go to Section: Hydrogen Ion Movement Photosystem II Inner Thylakoid Space Thylakoid Membrane Stroma ATP synthase Electron Transport Chain Photosystem IATP Formation Chloroplast Section 8-3 Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions

Video 5 Click the image to play the video segment. Video 5 Calvin Cycle

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION (also called _________________________) DOES NOT require ____________ Happens in ___________ NADPH donates _______________ ATP donates _________________ CO 2 donates _________________________ to make __________ LIGHT CALVIN CYCLE ENERGY STROMA Hydrogen Carbon & oxygen GLUCOSE

Go to Section: Chloroplast Light O2O2 Sugars CO 2 Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle NADPH ATP ADP + P NADP + Chloroplast Section 8-3 Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview

Go to Section: Photosynthesis includes of take place in takes place in uses to produce use Light- dependent reactions Calvin cycle Thylakoid membranes StromaNADPH ATP Energy from sunlight ATPNADPHO2O2 Chloroplasts High-energy sugars Section 8-3 Concept Map

Go to Section: ChloropIast CO 2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated Sugars and other compounds 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Section 8-3 Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle

PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Light-Independent Reactions Light & Water Water & oxygen ATP NADPH Carbon Dioxide (CH 2 O) n

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-Dependent Reaction Carbon Fixation (Calvin Cycle) Light & Water Water ATP NADH Carbon Dioxide sugars

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis ____________________ Water is one of the raw materials needed, so a shortage of water can slow or stop photosynthesis AMOUNT OF WATER Desert plants and conifers that live in dry conditions have a waxy coating on their leaves to prevent water loss.

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C At temperatures above or below this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop Conifers in winter may carry out photosynthesis only occasionally TEMPERATURE

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis ____________________ More light increases rate of photosynthesis up to a certain level until plant reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis LIGHT INTENSITY See effect of light experiment

SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis: The students will be able to: explain the biochemical processes that a plant uses in photosynthesis explain the role ADP-ATP cycle has within the chloroplast of the cell (9-12.L.1.1) explain the light reaction (9-12.L.1.1) explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle (9-12.L.1.1)

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle Role of enzymes Mitochondria Chloroplasts LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle; analyze chemical reaction and chemical processes involved in the Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle; predict the function of a given structure; High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (…role of enzymes) describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes); describe the relationship between structure and function High school students performing at the BASIC level name chemical reactions required to sustain life (… role of enzymes) name chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes); recognize that different structures perform different functions;

SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1A. Students are able to explain the physical and chemical processes of photosynthesis and cell respiration and their importance to plant and animal life. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: photosystems, photophosphorylation, Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things.

Light Dependent reactions Part 1 Light Dependent reactions Part 2 Calvin Cycle See video LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION