“Europeans Claim Muslim Lands” Ch 27-3 “Europeans Claim Muslim Lands”

Ottoman Empire Loses Power Reforms Fail After Suleyman I dies in 1566, empire starts to decline Ottoman Empire falls behind Europe in technology Selim II attempts to modernize army and is overthrown Subject peoples in Greece and Serbia gain independence European powers look for ways to take Ottoman lands

Europeans Grab Territory Geopolitics Geopolitics – taking land for its strategic location or products Access to sea trade routes focuses attention on Ottoman lands

Russia and the Crimean War Crimean War – Russia attacks Ottomans in 1853 to gain warm-water port Russia loses, but Ottomans are shown to be weak; still lose land

The Decline of Ottoman Rule

The Ottoman Empire in 1914

The Great Game Great Game – war waged between Russia and Britain over India Battles fought in Afghanistan until British withdrawal in 1881

Egypt Initiates Reforms Military and Economic Reforms Muhammad Ali breaks away from Ottoman control and rules Egypt Begins series of reforms in military and economy Shifts Egyptian agriculture from food crops to cash crops

Suez Canal Egypt builds Suez Canal – human-made waterway Connects the Red Sea to Mediterranean Modernization efforts create huge debt British oversee financial control of canal, occupy Egypt in 1881

Geographical Impact of the Suez Canal, 1869 EUROPE EAST ASIA Suez Canal AFRICA 7,200 miles 12,300 miles Indian Ocean

Persia Russia and Britain battle for control of Persia Why? Russia want access to the Persian gulf Britain wants Persian oil and control of Afghanistan Both want natural resources- oil and tobacco

Persia Pressured to Change The Exploitation of Persia Russia wants access to Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean Britain wants Persian oil and Afghanistan Persia concedes to Western businesses

Battle over Tobacco Persian ruler sells concession to Britain to export tobacco Persians boycott tobacco, leads to riots In 1907, Russia and Britain seize and divide Persia between them

Review Time

Question 1 1. Why did Britain take control of the Suez Canal? A. France traded control of the Suez Canal for control of Nigeria. B. Muhammad Ali considered maintaining its security a burden. C. Egypt could not pay its foreign debt. D. The British helped the Egyptians defeat French invaders.

Question 2 2. By 1914, the Ottoman Empire had A. ceased to exist. B. achieved its greatest size. C. begun to experience a decline. D. declined to about a third of its greatest size.

Question 3 3. In 1907, which of the following was divided into spheres of influence by Russia and Britain due to the presence of oil? A. India B. Egypt C. Persia D. Afghanistan

Question 4 4. What was the main reason for the Crimean War? A. Russia wanted land on the Black Sea to gain access to the Mediterranean Sea. B. Russia wanted oil and other raw materials found in Ottoman lands. C. Russia refused to pay an export tax levied by the Ottoman Empire. D. Russia broke a treaty that limited the amount of grain it could send through the Bosporus.

Question 5 5. The Great Game was an example of imperialism practices of the Europeans because A. It caused Germany and Portugal to convert Non-Christians into Christians in Africa B. It led to the tobacco revolt C. It sparked conflict between England and Russia over Afghanistan and India for resources D. It led to the defeat of Ethiopia