Introduction to Process Technology Unit 4 Basic Physics

Objectives TLW understand physical and mechanical systems and related careers: (TEKS 9.A. - 9.D) Describe application of physical and mechanical systems Describe career oportunities Apply design concepts Identify emerging issues with these systems

Today’s Agenda What is Physics? Properties and Structure of Matter Temperature Transfer Temperature and Evaporation Physics Laws Fluid Flow

What is Physics? Physics is the study of force on matter and energy Matter – something that has mass and volume Energy – anything that causes matter to change, but does not have properties of matter

Why Physics is Important to Proc Techs Explains the basic principles of the equipment they use on a day-to-day basis. Examples – Allows them to understand the processes used to convert raw products to end products

Why Physics is Important to Proc Techs Allows them to understand how to troubleshoot the process or to identify a problem and then solve the problem Allows them to understand how the process affects other processes downstream

Conservation of Matter Matter cannot be created or destroyed; only changed Matter is considered to be indestructible

Conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed; only changed Energy is considered to be indestructible

States of Energy Potential – energy in a stored state Kinetic – energy in an active state (energy of motion or velocity)

Structure of Matter Atoms – smallest unit of an element Protons Neutrons Electrons Molecule – substance comprised of 2 or more atoms

Structure of Matter (Continued) Atomic Number Atomic Weight

Matter and its States Solids Liquids Gases & Vapors Plasma

Extensive Properties of Matter Mass Weight Volume Length

Intensive Properties of Matter Density Specific Gravity Buoyancy Viscosity

Intensive Properties of Matter Inertia Force Pressure

Intensive Properties of Matter Elasticity Speed / Velocity Friction

Heat Transfer British Thermal Unit (BTU) – English System Calorie – Metric System

Heat Transfer Conduction Convection Radiation

Heat Transfer Specific Heat Latent Heat Sensible Heat Superheated

Temperature and State Changes Boiling Evaporation Melting

Boiling Point The temperature of a liquid when its vapor pressure = the surrounding pressure Vapor pressure A measure of a liquid’s volatility and tendency to form a vapor A function of the physical and chemical properties of the liquid

Relationship of Boiling Point/vapor pressure/ surrounding pressure Liquids w/ High VP – Low BP Liquids w/ Low VP – High BP As surrounding Pressure increases, then BP of liquid increases

Temperature and State Changes Condensing Freezing Sublimation

Temperature Scales Fahrenheit - oF Celsius - oC Kelvin - oK = oC + 273 Rankine - oR = oF + 460

Pressure Gauge Measurement Gauge Pressure (psig) – pressure measured with respect to sea level. Any pressure above atmospheric. Pressure due to atmosphere = 14.7 PSIA PSIG = PSIA - 14.7 Absolute Pressure (psia) = Gauge pressure + atmospheric PSIG + 14.7 Vacuum Pressure (psiv) < 14.7

Atmospheric pressure – Conversion factors 14.7 psi 760 mm Hg 29.92 in Hg

Vapor Pressure – higher bond strength, the lower the vapor pressure Boiling Point – lower the vapor pressure, higher the boiling point. Increase the pressure, increase the boiling point Melting Point Freezing Point

To the Textbook Chapter 10 – Basic Physics (pages 130 – 155) Read pages 130 – 136 Answer questions 1 – 14 on pages 152 - 154

Physics Laws Boyle’ Law Charles’ Law Gay-Lussac’s Law General (Ideal) Gas Law Dalton’s Law Bernoulli’s Law

NASA Video

NASA Video

General Gas Law P1V1 = P2V2 n1T1 n2T2

Why Attention to Pressure is Important Working with vacuums Tanker Implodes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zz95_VvTxZM&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 Overpressure situation

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Bernoulli Principle

Bernoulli’s Principle

Fluid Flow Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow

Turbulent flow

Factors Affecting Flow Viscosity Friction Obstructions

Gas Laws and Flow Principles in Action Balloon Rockets – Conceptual Physics lab manual pages 55 & 56 Incorporate the 8 Principles of Engineering Design link Work up preliminary sketches prior to launch Write up observations and learnings

Summary Chapter 10 – questions 15 – 25 pages 154 & 155 Homework – Worksheets from college manual Activity – Floating Egg (textbook page 155)