1 Coalition for Greywater Recycling (E-mail: mikiadel@gmail.com) Using regulation and standardization to promote the use of Greywater recycling and preventing water scarcity M. Adel 1 & E. Friedler 2   1 Coalition for Greywater Recycling (E-mail: mikiadel@gmail.com) 2 Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel (eranf@tx.technion.ac.il)

Israel’s water economy Impact on system proliferation Talk layout The water saving potential and the socio-economic feasibility of greywater reuse within the urban sector - Israel as a case study E. Friedler Division of Environmental, Water and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel Israel’s water economy water/energy nexus greywater recycling SII GWR Standard status Impact on system proliferation Mike – forgot to mention last night: there are usually some people in a presentation audience who need and respond well to a clear structure – this is a cheap way of getting them on board. Point at each block as you say something like: I’ll cover the material using this framework. First I’ll go through a little background on both the Israeli water outlook and the fundamentals of Grey Water Recycling for context. Then I’ll pull these two together to discuss the potential impact for Israel. Finally I will touch on some of the issues that need to be addressed in order to make this happen discuss some possible next steps with you. (click) – starting with a review of our current water outlook… summary

Desalination is the fastest growing water source What about decentralized reuse?

Decentralized water production saves water and energy. 10 1 0.1 0.01 WWTP Effluent Reuse SW Desalination High Energy Greywater Reuse Natural Water Sources Specific Energy Use [kWh/m3] Low Energy 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Source-Consumer Distance [km]

Urban demand is the fastest growing consumption sector

What is GWR and how can it effect Israel’s water economy ? Onsite reuse of light GW : shower/ bath washbasin washing machine Reuse for: Toilet flushing Garden irrigation GW treatment system Treatment Unit What would happen if from 2015 all new apartment buildings were required to install GWR systems?

A typical installation in a multi-storey apartment building

Urban consumption is the fastest growing segment of Israel’s water economy CAGR 1.71% MCM Source:

GWR can slow down the growth rate of urban water demand 140 MCM (Avoided Desalination) CAGR 1.47% Urban Demand with GWR MCM Urban Demand By 2050 – 30% reuse only in buildings built after 2015

EnergyGWR ≈ 1/5 EnergyDesalination 1 kWh/m3 30 m Onsite GWR Desalination WWTP 1.5 kWh/m3 Convey 3.5 kWh/m3 Produce 300 m Reduce national electricity consumption by 560 GWh per year in 2050 Avert construction of 1-2 desalination plants by 2050 Prevent emission of 6-8·106 tonnes CO2 by 2050 30 km

GWR Standard in Israel > 20,000 < 20 Status: Impact: In 2010, the Standards Institution of Israel (SII) established a panel of industry, academic and regulatory experts to tailor a standard for the specifics of the Israeli water eco-system. (SII #6147) 5 years later, despite the near unanimous agreement of panel members at multiple levels in the SII on the contents of the standard regarding methods of treatment, water quality standards and testing regimes, no such standard has been forthcoming. SII Standard based on British Standard with addition of on-line process monitoring. Impact: “pump and bucket” recyclers have proliferated - a broad range of unregulated solutions exist in the market place, primarily for garden irrigation. Larger scale greywater recycling systems are almost entirely absent…. > 20,000 < 20

Where is the impasse? SII Expert committee Ministry of Health Water quality standards Water quality testing regime Authority to decide on above Ministry of Health OK Not OK No clarity

Why is the testing regime so important? Capital cost = 100k + 6.7k*ρ [NIS]

Because it destroys commercial viability. Viability point moves to 70 apartments per building

Science of the Total Environment 538 (2015) 230–239

Summary - GWR in Israel can: Reduce urban water demand by: 140 MCM per year in 2050 Reduce national electricity consumption by: 560 GWh per year in 2050 Avert construction of 1-2 desalination plants by 2050 Prevent emission of 6-8·106 tonnes CO2 by 2050 Regulatory obstinacy is preventing realization of this opportunity… ~0.5%a ~10%

Acknowledgments & sources The water saving potential and the socio-economic feasibility of greywater reuse within the urban sector - Israel as a case study E. Friedler Division of Environmental, Water and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel Mike – forgot to mention last night: there are usually some people in a presentation audience who need and respond well to a clear structure – this is a cheap way of getting them on board. Point at each block as you say something like: I’ll cover the material using this framework. First I’ll go through a little background on both the Israeli water outlook and the fundamentals of Grey Water Recycling for context. Then I’ll pull these two together to discuss the potential impact for Israel. Finally I will touch on some of the issues that need to be addressed in order to make this happen discuss some possible next steps with you. (click) – starting with a review of our current water outlook… הקואליציה למיחזור מים אפורים בישראל http://www.graywater.org.il

backup

GWR can replace 1-2 of these! By 2050, 15 million people will require ~15 desal plants over just 200 km of coast. Sea of Galilee Recommended Approved GWR can replace 1-2 of these! Dead Sea

Agricultural water allocation is only marginally effected by GWR CAGR 0.66% CAGR 0.49%

Population Growth – Driver of urban water demand increase 30% penetration only new buildings (2050) The main reason for this growth is of course population growth. And as we can see here, despite the admirable work that Reshut Hamayim has been doing in reducing consumption per capita, the rapid population growth still leads to very dramatic increase in urban consumption.